This work was supported in part by a grant from the Israel Science Foundation (ISF Grant No. High differences were found in the ampicillin MIC90 values between isolates from chironomid egg masses (12.4 μg/ml), from waterfowl species (1.75 μg/ml), and from fish (1 μg/ml). Trop.
The persistently high number of cases reported in the frequent cholera outbreaks in Kasese district with some deaths at least reported during each outbreak may reflect more general problems in access to effective health care [8, 14]. To send this article to your Dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Ritchie, Jennifer M. (2017). The frequent outbreaks in Kasese district and other parts of Uganda have continued to feed into the high density of cholera cases reported in Sub-Saharan Africa. About 3–5 million people annually suffer from Cholera and 100,000–120,000 lives lost [3].
and For example, antimicrobial resistance can be carried on mobile genetic elements like conjugative plasmids, SXT elements and integrons. Partial listing of materials and suppliers / manufacturers 215 25.
This V. cholerae outbreak was epidemiologically linked to consumption of untreated surface water after heavy flooding leading to a number of pit latrines washing away into the water according to our environmental assessment report and case and/ care taker interviews.
The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Am J Trop Med Hyg. V. cholerae O1 and O139 were isolated from fish mucus and scales in Mozambique, from tilapia gills in Tanzania, and from two marine fish in India (du Preez et al., 2010; Kumar and Lalitha, 2013; Hounmanou, 2015). These numbers are largely under estimated owing to the non-functional national epidemiological and laboratory surveillance systems which facilitate detection of the majority of mild disease presentations [2]. Correspondence to
All the three case fatalities were reported to consume untreated surface water with no methods employed to make the water safe for human consumption. Four strains that were isolated from two different individual herons were resistant even to the highest concentration of azithromycin that was studied (256 μg/ml) (Table 2). doi: 10.1111/tmi.13069, Laviad-Shitrit, S., Lev-Ari, T., Katzir, G., Sharaby, Y., Izhaki, I., and Halpern, M. (2017). Although there is a minor difference between the different antimicrobial agents used for humans or animals, in some countries the amounts of antimicrobial agents that are used in agriculture and aquaculture are four times higher than that used in medicine (Laxminarayan et al., 2013). TABLE 1.
Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 37 °C for 18–24 h. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Our aim was to study and compare the antimicrobial susceptibilities of non-O1/non-O139 environmental strains isolated from chironomids, fish, and waterfowl. While the National Housing and Population census reports that only 10% of the rural population in Uganda lacks access to pit latrines, it also acknowledges that about 58% of the pit latrines are unimproved [23] in the case of Kasese, the District annual report indicates both safe water and latrine coverage are 60%. Ottaviani, Donatella Petsaris, O., Nousbaum, J. Vibrio cholerae strains exhibited substantial variations in their susceptibilities toward the tested antimicrobial agents (Figure 2). 2001;14(5):553–8.
Aulet, O. Cummings MJ, Wamala J, Eyura M, Malimbo M, Omeke ME, Mayer D, et al. PLoS One. (1996). Bacchiocchi, Isidoro 2011;101:970–971. * Views captured on Cambridge Core between
1998.
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Resistance to cotrimoxazole and furazolidone in sub Saharan Africa and Bangladesh is increasing while resistance to tetracycline varies from year to year (Laxminarayan et al., 2013). Front. Shimada, T., Arakawa, E., Itoh, K., Okitsu, T., Matsushima, A., Asai, Y., et al. No significant differences were found between MIC concentrations of the different strains that were isolated from different waterfowl species (p > 0.05). Boyd, David
Waterfowl—The missing link in epidemic and pandemic cholera dissemination? Significant increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin and chloramphenicol was found in chironomid isolates from 2009 compared to those from 2005.
Water and Environment Performance Report 2016. Skov, M. N. PLoS Pathog. Most of the toilets and kitchens were built as temporary structures using mad, banana fiber or grass which compromises food hygiene. Sample size calculation was not applicable. 3, 4 and 6 were taken by the authors after obtaining written informed consent and are not under any copy right. We obtained telephone contacts of the care takers and worked with community health workers to locate the cases. J. Clin.
Article
Dis. Sathish, Thadikamala The median age of the cases was 8 years and ranged from 7 months to 75 years. There are more than 200 serogroups in this species that are termed V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Hesselbjerg, A.
Studying environmental strains is important because humans are usually infected from the environment. Hounmanou, Y. M. G. (2015). Akselman, R.
V. cholerae was isolated from about 30 fish species (reviewed in Halpern and Izhaki, 2017). Poor hygiene and sanitation conditions and regular flooding of the low lands usually create an ideal environment for disease to spread [9]. B., Mittler, S., Arakawa, E., and Broza, M. (2004). Forty-seven Bgl I ribotypes were observed.
TOMA, CLAUDIA There are more than 200 serogroups in this species that are termed V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139.
Forslund, A. Springer Nature.
The percentage of antimicrobial resistance among V. cholerae isolates from waterfowl was the highest compared to the abundance of antimicrobial resistant isolates from chironomids or fish. Total Environ. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out between 2017 and 2018 to describe the epidemiology of the cholera epidemic in Kasese district, Uganda (Fig. Cholera.
(2015). Iramiot, J.S., Rwego, I.B., Kansiime, C. et al. SL-S and YS analyzed the data. MIYAZATO, TOMOKO 2001.
Uganda is among the 51 countries where cholera outbreaks are common with epidemics occurring predominantly along the western border with Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Kampala city slums, Busia district which is a border town with Western Kenya, Mbale district and the Karamoja Sub-region. Masini, Laura
It was described that non-O1/non-O139 strains are usually susceptible to most antimicrobial agents (Petsaris et al., 2010; Ceccarelli et al., 2015). J. Clin. All isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities using the E-test gradient. PubMed Google Scholar. An address on cholera and its bacillus. Extended serotyping scheme for Vibrio cholerae.
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