Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) is the cause of epidemic cerebrospinal fever, clusters and sporadic cases of acute bacterial meningitis,1-5,6 mild bacteremia to devastating septicemia, pneumonia, and, less commonly, septic arthritis, pericarditis, chronic bacteremia, conjunctivitis, epiglottitis, otitis, sinusitis, urethritis, and proctitis. Kiefer,12 in 1896, and Albrecht and Ghon,13 in 1901, found that healthy persons could become nasopharyngeal carriers of the meningococcus.
Marchiafava and Celli10 (1884) first described intracellular oval micrococci in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and Anton Weichselbaum11 (1887) identified and cultured the organism, which he named Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis because of its presence inside neutrophils from CSF, thus establishing the etiologic relationship between this organism and epidemic meningitis.
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The long history of this pathogen aptly illustrates the fascination of humans with infections, in general, and with those involving the central nervous system, in particular. Chemoprophylaxis should begin immediately upon exposure, as the effects of this treatment become significantly diminished as the duration of time lengthens since initial contact.
A nonblanching macular rash can also be a manifestation of meningococcal bacteremia. In either case, patients may develop a characteristic rash including petechiae (pinpoint red spots that do not blanch with pressure) or purpura (purple areas similar to bruises) that are caused by bleeding into the skin.
See this image and copyright information in PMC. Direct contact with the respiratory droplets can occur through coughing, sneezing, and kissing. State of Georgia government websites and email systems use “georgia.gov” or “ga.gov” at the end of the address. Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Other alternatives for prophylaxis are ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and the least preferable option, azithromycin. 27.2B. Created by Christina Cheng, student of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma. Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, increased sensitivity to light, and confusion. Invasive Meningococcal Disease Fact Sheet [12] A combination of 4 mcg of capsular polysaccharide antigen with 48 mcg of diphtheria toxoid protein carrier constitutes every 0.5-mL dose of MCV4.
As it turns out, strains expressing AniA are, in fact, more sensitive to nitrite under many culture conditions. This pathogen may also cause overwhelming sepsis, purpura fulminans, or (rarely) benign meningococcemia.Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) is a common form of meningococcal disease and is characterized by fever, severe headache, and stiff neck.
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Cross-sectional view of the meningococcal…, Cross-sectional view of the meningococcal cell membrane. The following form is to be used when submitting isolates: For more information on specimen submission, refer to the An official website of the State of Georgia. Bacterial meningitisis typically most severe. Neisseria meningitidis is a bacterium hosted only by humans and is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States. The capsules of the serogroups B, C, Y and W135 consist of polymers of N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid. (65.5 KB)
2020 Sep 16;5(5):e00376-20. From: Advances in Microbial Physiology, 2015, Nadine G. Rouphael, ... David S. Stephens, in Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases, 2009.
This site needs JavaScript to work properly. [7] [8] Carriers of meningococci have the bacteria as a commensal microorganism residing in the respiratory tract and nasopharynx mucosa. A Swiss physician, Gaspard Vieusseux, first reported epidemic meningitis in the city of Geneva in 1805, characterizing this illness as ‘fievre cerebrale maligne non contagieuse’ [non-contagious malignant cerebral fever].
Lumbar punctures are typically performed in order to extract the sample required for testing. Antibiotic therapy is the treatment of choice for invasive disease. Meningitis Meningitis is a severe illness characterized by serous inflammation of the linings of the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
12 WebMD: Children’s Vaccines
All district epidemiologists are encouraged to utilize the following resources in the investigation of bacterial meningitis in the state of Georgia: Bacterial Meningitis & Sepsis Investigation & Control Manual
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As it turns out, strains expressing AniA are, in fact, more sensitive to nitrite under many culture conditions. Meningococci are able to cause a wide range of clinical syndromes varying in severity from a transient mild sore throat to meningitis or acute meningococcal septicaemia, which can cause death within hours of the appearance of symptoms.
9 Center for Disease Control (CDC): Bacterial Meningitis Manual
Steric hindrance or reduced avidity may explain the higher affinity of Hp 2-1 in comparison with Hp 2-2. This in turn would produce a rapid and toxic buildup of NO, which diffuses rapidly into the culture medium. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov. Neisseria meningitidis exists in the nasopharynx of about 5-10% of the population and rarely causes serious disease.
This bacterium is another leading cause of bacterial meningitis.
Those traveling to Saudi Arabia to participate in the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages must show proof of MenACWY vaccination.
These illnesses are often severe and can be deadly. The human-specific, polymeric type 2-2 and 2-1 Hb–Hp complexes are the preferred ligand and iron source for N. meningitidis.
Bacteraemia with or without sepsis, meningococcal septicaemia with or without meningitis, meningo-encephalitis, chronic meningococcaemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, conjunctivitis, panophthalmitis, genitourinary tract infection, pelvic infection, peritonitis and proctitis are among the diseases caused by meningococci.
Neisseria meningitidis - Related Files The epidemiological profile of N. meningitidis is variable in different populations and over time and virulence of the meningococcus is based on a transformable/plastic genome and expression of certain capsular polysaccharides (serogroups A, B, C, W-135, Y and X) and non-capsular antigens. Serologically different meningococci were first recognized by Dopter16 in 1909, and the organism was separated from the commensal Neisseria lactamica. GDPH Lab Service Manual The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The “meningitis belt” of sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of meningococcal disease in the world. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment are vital to the survival of patients assumed to be ill with meningococcal meningitis. This of course would only happen in strains that could express viable AniA protein and not those that lack the enzyme. This is to produce an oxygen‐limited environment, which in turn enables FNR to activate the expression of gene products such as AniA. Figure 27.2.
Serogroup B meningococcal disease is not vaccine preventable in the U.S. at this time.
ProphylaxisAntibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for certain close contacts exposed to a meningococcal disease case, in order to prevent secondary cases.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The primary line of antibiotics is penicillin G, typically administered intravenously at 250,000 IU per dose for every 4 to 6 hours. Construction and assessment of the immunogenicity and bactericidal activity of fusion protein porin A from.
It is important to remember that the clinical picture can progress from one end of the spectrum to the other during the course of disease.
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