Cell 1993, 73: 1187–1196. 10.1086/314921. 10.1016/0882-4010(89)90058-2, CAS Chloramphenicol is not a first-choice drug because of its side effects, including interference with bone marrow production of blood cells. Google Scholar, Murphy TF, Sethi S, Klingman KL, Brueggemann AB, Doern GV: Simultaneous respiratory tract colonization by multiple strains of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: implications for antibiotic therapy. The dominant bacterium in bronchiectasis is NTHi and this is a major driver of lung inflammation.
A number of investigators have demonstrated the importance of adhesins and there are 2 main subtypes HMW1 and HMW2 [17]. There are several specific mechanisms which NTHi strains use to adhere to mucosa. Anderson EC, Begg NT, Crawshaw SC et al. J Biol Chem 2002, 277: 949–957. J Infect Dis 1982, 146: 266–274. Outer membrane P6 activates TLR-2 with up-regulation of NF-κβ and the production of inflammatory mediators. Bronchiectasis is characterized by persistent bacterial infection that causes lung damage and also results in chronic airflow obstruction [64]. 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10820.x, Ahren IL, Janson H, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K: Protein D expression promotes the adherence and internalization of non- typeable Haemophilus influenzae into human monocytic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98: 8774–8779. : Haemophilus influenzae in lung explants of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001, 203: 55–61. California Privacy Statement, Google Scholar, St Geme JW, Takala A, Esko E, Falkow S: Evidence for capsule gene sequences among pharyngeal isolates of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Berenson CS, Murphy TF, Wrona CT, Sethi S: Outer membrane protein P6 of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is a potent and selective inducer of human macrophage proinflammatory cytokines. J Infect Dis 2001, 184: 150–158. The main cells targeted by NTHi appear to be macrophages and epithelial cells. 10.1097/00006454-199005000-00006, Falkow S, Barenkamp SJ, St Geme JW: High-molecular-weight proteins of nontypable Haemophilus influenzae mediate attachment to human epithelial cells. Heart. About 5% of children may develop fever or soreness in the area of the injection. : Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Patients with Chronic Bronchitis. as in COPD and bronchiectasis) NTHi often appears to have established a niche in the airway, which makes it relatively resistant to chemotherapy. It grows poorly, if at all, on ordinary blood agar unless streaked with Staph. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006, 57: 1077–1082. Chest 2010, 137: 805–811.
for bacterial motifs). St Geme et al have demonstrated the ability of NTHi to form microcolonies on mucosal surfaces [8]. 10.1093/infdis/169.2.337, Howard AJ, Dunkin KT, Millar GW: Nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in healthy children. killed/inactivated bacteria) upregulates the production of nuclear transcription factor-kappa β (NF-κβ), which is a key driver of inflammation [38]. 10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00507-6, Patel IS, Seemungal TA, Wilks M, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA: Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations. The “Spanish flu” outbreak following World War 1 was associated with a high incidence of H. influenzae infection [55, 56]. There have been a number of studies which have demonstrated the in-vitro ability of NTHi to survive inside these cells for at least 72 hours [27–30]. Innate immunity serves as the first-line of defense against infection and is comprised of both structural and cellular defenses. Hasegawa K, Kobayashi R, Takada E, et al. TLR-2 is also expressed on the surface of innate and immune cells.
Wang B, Lim DJ, Han J, Kim YS, Basbaum CB, Li JD: Novel cytoplasmic proteins of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae up-regulate human MUC5AC mucin transcription via a positive p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and a negative phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway. Eur Respir J. King PT, Ngui J, Gunawardena D, Holmes PW, Farmer MW, Holdsworth SR: Systemic humoral immunity to non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Terms and Conditions, References: 1. Infection of the lower respiratory is predominantly by the nontypeable strains of Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). 2019;4:363-369. Moghaddam SJ, Ochoa CE, Sethi S, Dickey BF: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. For hospitalized patients particularly if there is associated respiratory failure the parenteral route of administration may be preferred. N Engl J Med. Dromann D, Rupp J, Rohmann K, et al. The illness is generally less fulminant than that with S. pneumoniae and commonly occurs in patients with underlying lung disease (particularly COPD). J Clin Microbiol 1995, 33: 2027–2031. A combination of bacterial pathogenic mechanisms and defects in host defense may allow NTHi to move down into the lower respiratory tract B). J Pathol Bacteriol 1953, 66: 103–108.
Sanofi US provides these links as a service to their website visitors and users; however, the Company takes no responsibility for the information on any website but their own. Am J Med 2000, 109: 288–295.
NTHi appears to have a preference for nonciliated cells or damaged mucosa. In Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. There have been a number of published studies measuring the effect of vaccination in animal models. PubMed Central N Engl J Med 2002, 347: 465–471. Reddy MS, Murphy TF, Faden HS, Bernstein JM: Middle ear mucin glycoprotein: purification and interaction with nontypable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. 10.1093/infdis/146.2.266, Plaut AG: The IgA1 proteases of pathogenic bacteria. 10.1073/pnas.151236098, Xu F, Xu Z, Zhang R, et al. This bronchial wall inflammation persists despite the cessation of smoking. Children will typically carry multiple strains simultaneously whilst adults will be colonized with only one strain [7]. After attachment to the mucosal surface, strains of NTHi have a variety of different mechanisms which enhance persistence at the epithelial surface. By the age of 5–6 years more than 50 % of children will be colonized with this bacterium and most healthy adults (at least 75 %) will be [1]. It is characterized by the presence of airway inflammation that is most pronounced in the bronchial wall. The prognosis is usually good for patients with mild infections who are treated without delay. All three vaccines are given by intramuscular injection. Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus with a variable shape (pleomorphic). Particularly in the context of chronic bronchitis (e.g. Wilking H, Buda S, von der Lippe E, et al. In, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, type 4, living in a city or institutional housing with a large group of people, hIV infection, or other immune system disorder. Forsgren J, Samuelson A, Ahlin A, Jonasson J, Rynnel-Dagoo B, Lindberg A: Haemophilus influenzae resides and multiplies intracellularly in human adenoid tissue as demonstrated by in situ hybridization and bacterial viability assay. Influenza virus and glycemic variability in diabetes: a killer combination? CAS Antibody causes activation of the terminal attack complex of complement and this is very effective in killing NTHi [42]. Below are the links to the authors’ original submitted files for images. Association of influenza-like illness activity with hospitalizations for heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. The predominant IgA subclass is IgA1. The author declares that he has no competing interests. statement and : Dynamics of dendritic cell migration and the subsequent induction of protective immunity in the lung after repeated airway challenges by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae outer membrane protein.
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