spread through tissues of the naso-pharyngeal area
A confirmed diagnosis of diphtheria can only be made by isolating toxigenic
Also found in mouth, throat, nose, skin and wound of infected person. The diphtheria toxin possess capsular (K) and somatic antigens (O), Small, nonmotile, irregularly staining pleomorphic
It is a non-motile, non-encapsulated, non-sporulating gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium with a high GC-content and occurs in four biovars: gravis, mitis, intermedius, and belfanti, based on colonial morphology and biochemical profiles. & Habitat of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The four subspecies differ slightly in their colonial morphology and biochemical properties, such as the ability to metabolize certain nutrients, but all may be toxigenic (and therefore cause diphtheria) or not toxigenic. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a Gram-positive, slender, nonmotile, nonsporulating rod.
image), Palisade arrangement of cells in short chains ("V" or "Y"
other mucous membranes, the conjunctiva, and the skin, Non-pathogenic
have lower potential for human pathogenicity, they have been found to be a etiological agent of human endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, osteomyelitis and bacteremia. slant: Schick test
[9][10] The genome shows an extreme compositional bias, being noticeably higher in G+C near the origin than at the terminus. © 2003-2020 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. (respiratory or cutaneous) occurs worldwide primarily in urban areas
More commonly
Corynebacterium urealyticum
The disease remains contagious for at least two weeks following disappearance of symptoms but has been known to last for up to a month.
A special group of spirilla known as spirochetes are long, slender, and flexible. ulcerans: pharnygitis, Corynebacterium
spp.
They may resemble non-hemolytic or alpha-hemolytic streptococci and commensal
5. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is an aerobic gram-positive bacterium which secretes a toxin that inactivates human elongation factor eEF-2, thus inhibiting translation during protein synthesis by human cells. Vibrio. C. diphtheriae produces diphtheria toxin which alters protein function in the host by inactivating the elongation factor EF-2. not membrane bound, Internal metachromatic granules densely stain ruby red while the rest of the
Transmitted by respiratory
Habitat and Morphology of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Holt, J.G., et al. Gram-positive pleomorphic rods arranged in perpendicular, parallel, and pallisade
Figure 1.
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Arrangement of Spiral Bacteria. D increases vascular permeability, thus allowing C. diphtheriae to
Positive. To accurately identify C. diphtheriae, a Gram stain is performed to show Gram-positive, highly pleomorphic organisms with no particular arrangement.
• In 1884, Loeffler concluded that C. diphtheriae produced a soluble toxin, and thereby provided the first description of a bacterial exotoxin. diphtheria bacilli from the primary lesion (in the throat or elsewhere)
Guinea pig virulence
blue stain shows metachromatic granules
Characteristics: Corynebacterium
In areas where diphtheria is endemic, C. diphtheriae in the nasopharyngeal passageways is common. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. diphtheroids, Corynebacteria
distributed in nature; worldwide in occurrence, Only 28 cases reported between 1980-1990 in the U. S. due to highly successful
bacillus stains blue, when stained with an aniline dye such as toluidine blue
View desktop site. , 9th ed. Exudate from
demonstrating "Chinese
C. diphtheriae produces diphtheria toxin which alters protein function in the host by inactivating the elongation factor EF-2. Primarily obligate parasites of mucous membranes or skin of mammals, but occasionally they are found in other sources. catheters) and pharyngitis, Corynebacterium
Corynebacterium Diphtheriae. 1995. potent exotoxin
Erythromycin
| The microscopic slide can occasionally observe a characteristic V-shaped storage. hydrolyzes urea; release of NH4+, increase in pH, alkaline
similarity to the type of the genus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
if allergic, Slender pleomorphic rods; often club-shaped; often banded
on skin of up to 40% of hospitalized patients (e.g., bone marrow transplants), Several
Based on colony morphology and biochemical characteristics, four biotypes of C. diphtheriae (gravis, mitis, intermedius and belfanti) are recognized.
tract infections (UTI�s); rare but important, Corynebacterium
spp. and causes diphtheria in humans. The exotoxin of Corynebacterium diptheriae is absorbed in the blood which in turn kills heart, kidney, and nerve cells by blocking protein synthesis. When bound to iron, the aporepressor shuts down toxin production. be banded or beaded with irregularly staining granules; may show alternate
hosts (e.g., patients with blood disorders, bone marrow transplants, intravenous
C. diphtheriae produces diphtheria toxin which alters protein function in the host by inactivating the elongation factor EF-2. droplets or skin contact, Corynebacterium
1. Corynebacterium
, 6th ed. Typical metachromatic granules are seen in methylene blue stain or in Albert stain. jeikeium: carriage
Four subspecies are recognized: C. d. mitis, C. d. intermedius, C. d. gravis, and C. d. belfanti. have been identified as causative agents of infections in compromised human hosts. The four subspecies differ slightly in their colonial morphology and biochemical properties, such as the ability to metabolize certain nutrients, but all may be toxigenic (and therefore cause diphtheria) or not toxigenic. preparations are used for vaccines as active immunization for diphtheria
BSCI 424 HomePage. The Oxoid Vade-Mecum of Microbiology
Chemoorganoheterotrophic having both a respiratory and fermentative type metabolism. General Overview:. • Roux and Yersin (1888) discovered the diphtheria exotoxin and established its pathogenic effects.
carbohydrates, Fastidious;
Some species are pathogenic to animals. A thick gray coating accumulates in the nasopharyngeal region, making it difficult for the individual to breathe and swallow. C. diphtheriae is best known for causing the disease Diphtheria in human beings, which results from production of Diphtheria toxin in conjunction with infection by a bacteriophage which provides it wit… Some cells stain unevenly, giving a beaded appearance. [8] Toxigenic strains in susceptible individuals can cause disease by multiplying and secreting diphtheria toxin into either skin or nasopharyngeal lesions. 4. The four subspecies differ slightly in their colonial morphology and biochemical properties, such as the ability to metabolize certain nutrients, but all may be toxigenic (and therefore cause diphtheria) or not toxigenic. diptheriae: toxigenic
C. diphtheriae and related organisms are collectively termed coryneforms or diphtheroids. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Metachromatic granules of polymetaphosphate are commonly formed within the cells.
Gram-positive rods with club-shaped swelled ends but no spores; may be straight
urine, renal stones, Methylene
or beaded with irregularly staining granules, BSCI 424 Pathogenic Microbiology
urealyticum: urinary
/Bacterial Database Search, February, 1998.
causative agent of diphtheria, drag the appropriate general Many spirilla are rigid and capable of movement. Gram stain shows
Size – The size of Corynebacterium diphtheriae rods is about 3–6 µm × 0.6–0.8 µm.
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