See Carroll, 267 U.S., at 150-151, 154; cf. Respondents' alternative entails substantial difficulties - if it is indeed practicable at all. They require "suiting up" before each practice or event, and showering and changing afterwards. This caused the District's administrators particular concern, since drug use increases the risk of sports-related injury. Cf. [ VERNONIA SCHOOL DIST. resorts to the general proposition that children had fewer recognized rights at the time of the framing than they do today. These facts may explain the absence of Fourth Amendment challenges to such searches.
United States v. Edwards, 498 F.2d 496, 500 (CA2 1974) (Friendly, J.) searches be based upon probable cause" would undercut "the substantial need of teachers and administrators for freedom to maintain order in the schools." 2 , 18], [ VERNONIA SCHOOL DIST. In Vernonia, the Court continued the trend of granting fewer constitutional protections to minors in school because of the nature of the minor’s place in society. As we explicitly acknowledged, however, "`the Fourth Amendment imposes no irreducible requirement of such suspicion,'" id., at 342, n. 8 (quoting United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, Of course, for these practices to have any Fourth Amendment significance, the Court has to assume that these physical exams and vaccinations are typically "required" to a similar extent that urine testing and collection is required in the instant case, i.e., that they are required regardless of parental objection and that some meaningful sanction attaches to the failure to submit. 3 W. LaFave, Search and Seizure 9.5(b), pp. 31526 (1985)) (a drug impaired individual "will seldom display any outward `signs detectable by the lay person or, in many cases, even the physician. Outside the criminal context, however, in response to the exigencies of modern life, our cases have upheld several evenhanded blanket searches, including some that are more than minimally intrusive, after balancing the invasion of privacy against the government's strong need.
47J v. ACTON, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) In that case, we held that children at school do not enjoy two of the Fourth Amendment's traditional categorical protections against unreasonable searches and seizures: the warrant requirement and the probable cause requirement. 43 (emphasis added); see also Cuddihy 1490-1491 ("The Collection Act of 1789 was [the] most significant [of all early search statutes], for it identified the techniques of search and seizure that the framers of the The Court then found that the search was reasonable by examining five factors.
The fear that a suspicion-based regime will lead to the testing of "troublesome but not drug-likely" students, id., at 17, for example, ignores that the required level of suspicion in the school context is objectively reasonable suspicion. objection to this districtwide program by any parents other than the couple before us here - even though, as we have described, a public meeting was held to obtain parents' views. 1354, 1356-1357 (Ore. 1992), it seems quite obvious that the true driving force behind the District's adoption of its drug testing program was the need to combat the rise in drug-related disorder and disruption in its classrooms and around campus. 47J v. ACTON, ___ U.S. ___ (1995)
I didn't want to be forsaken from sports and decided I should do something.". Sixth Amendment protects right to be informed of fair trial when arrested. 47J v. ACTON, ___ U.S. ___ (1995) In justifying this result, the Court dispenses with a requirement of individualized suspicion on considered policy grounds. Such a view of things, we said, "is not entirely `consonant with compulsory education laws,'" ibid. , 2] It may well be that, if and when James was selected for random testing at a time that he was taking medication, the School District would have permitted him to provide the requested information in a confidential manner - for example, in a sealed envelope delivered to the testing lab. But I don't think it should be, because I think other people should do things like this also. With the support of the ACLU, James and his parents took the Vernonia School District to court.
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