[62], With these strengthened units, Shelby was able to seriously threaten vital Union lines of communication along the Arkansas River between Helena and Little Rock, and for a time it appeared that the Confederates would mount a serious attempt to retake the Federal held state capitol. The naval vessels went up the White and Little Red rivers, capturing a pair of Confederate steamboats and skirmishing with Confederate forces in an opportunistic raid that was the campaign’s major river-based component.
Little Rock: Pioneer Press, 1965. There, Steele was supposed to link up with a separate Federal amphibious expedition which was advancing up the Red River Valley. All but one infantry regiment and all of the cavalry and artillery units served most of the war in what was known as the "Western Theater", where there were few battles that were on the scale of those in the "Eastern Theater". Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford Univ.
New regiments were added as the militia organization developed. All of the new unit raised and organized after May 1862 would remain in the Trans-Mississippi for the remainder of the war. Numerous skirmishes as well as several significant battles were fought in Arkansas, including the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, a decisive one for the Trans-Mississippi Theater which ensured Union control of northern Arkansas. Yearns, W. Buck, ed. Following this small but fierce conflict, General Curtis gave orders for Union forces no longer to take bushwhackers prisoner. Honor or memorial gifts are an everlasting way to pay tribute to someone who has touched your life. The fall of Little Rock provided the opportunity to create a new pro-Union state government. At Long View, where a Confederate supply train was crossing the Saline River, Clayton was able to capture 287 Confederate soldiers.
72201. 100 Rock Street Confederates suffered eleven casualties. The South wants practical evidence of good faith from the North, not mere paper agreements and compromises. When a tribute gift is given the honoree will receive a letter acknowledging your generosity and a bookplate will be placed in a book. Rebel bushwhackers continued to disrupt Union supply lines, and in response, Union major general Henry Halleck asked the U.S. Navy to supply the Curtis’s army via flotilla up the White River. Major support provided through a partnership with the Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism.
[61], The victory by Confederates in the Red River Campaign and its Arkansas segment, the Camden Expedition, opened a brief window of opportunity for Arkansas Confederates.
General William J. Hardee was assigned to command Confederate forces in Arkansas, but many soldiers did not wish to join the regular army and risk being moved away from their home state.
It was poised to strike deep into central Arkansas and seize Little Rock itself as soon as supplies were gathered.
The Confederate assault was abandoned though, after the axle on the lone Confederate artillery gun broke, and a Union land force was threatening their position. Skirmish at Taylor’s Creek: Confederate general John S. Marmaduke received word that a Union force of 1,200 men was advancing north toward a Confederate regiment west of the L’Anguille River. Led by Captain Mitchell Adair, Confederates survived a surprise attack led by Union lieutenant Charles Porter on August 1, mounting a raid the following morning. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War&oldid=982273502, Articles with dead external links from September 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from July 2017, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages incorrectly using the quote template, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Skirmishes at Taylor's Creek and Mount Vernon, Arkansas in the American Civil War gallery. However, the rumor proved false. With a force of 33,000 soldiers, including 1,000 cavalrymen, McClernand moved upriver toward Fort Hindman at Arkansas Post (Arkansas County). Or, sign up for Kroger Rewards and a portion of your purchases at Kroger will be donated to the CALS Foundation. Press, 2001. The feud between Confederate brigadier generals Walker and Marmaduke that had been simmering since the Battle of Helena was exacerbated by Marmaduke’s contention that Walker had not acted bravely at Bayou Meto. [24], The Secession Convention also adopted an ordinance providing for the organization of an "Army of Arkansas". The Arkansas House of Representatives approved legislation proposing a convention for secession.
The opinion seemed to prevail that Arkansas should secede only if the United States' government made war on the Confederate States. Engagement at Elkin’s Ferry: Rather than attacking the heavily defended headquarters at Camden (Ouachita County), Union general Frederick Steele attempted to draw Confederate forces out of the city and into open ground. Under escort from the U.S. Armys 101st Airborne Division, nine black students enter all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Finally, in mid-December, the regiment "escorted" their prisoners to Little Rock, where most of them were forced into Confederate service. The state voted for the Southern Democratic Party candidate John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky. Little Rock: Arkansas Civil War Centennial Commission, 1967. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861–1874. Confederates suffered 2,000 casualties, including General McCulloch, Brigadier General James McQueen McIntosh, and Brigadier General William Slack. The Confederates suffered defeat, despite losing just six men. Plantation style agriculture had taken hold in the areas of the state that had easy access to water transportation for moving cash crops, like cotton, to market. [10] Later, artillery batteries were set up at Helena on the Mississippi River and Pine Bluff on the Arkansas to prevent reinforcement of Federal military posts. Action at Bayou Meto: Brigadier General Davidson and his cavalry approached Confederate defenses at Bayou Meto, near present-day Jacksonville (Pulaski County). On July 4, 7,646 Confederates attacked the heavily fortified city. In November 1861, Colonel Solon S. Borland, commanding Confederate forces at Pittman's Ferry received information regarding an impending invasion of Northeast Arkansas and issued an immediate call for militia forces to reinforce his position. The free states' support for "equality with negroes" was another reason. Some 2,000 Confederate cavalry men, led by Brigadier General James Fagan, ambushed the convoy along the road to Pine Bluff. For one year no student was educated in the cities schools.
72201.
", http://www.couchgenweb.com/civilwar/45milf&s.html, https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/arkansas-is-readmitted-to-the-union-june-22-1868-119258, "National Historic Landmark Nomination: Camden Expedition Sites", "Civil War battle flags at the Old State House Museum", "The Third Minnesota Regiment in Arkansas, 1863-1865", Arkansas Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission historical markers, List of C.S. Steele decided on September 9 that his troops would cross at a horseshoe bend in the Arkansas River east of Little Rock. Action at Fitzhugh’s Woods: As General Steele began his campaign into south Arkansas, Confederate brigadier general Dandridge McRae, along with other Confederate officers, began recruiting troops in eastern Arkansas. Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861. Sinisi, Kyle S. The Last Hurrah: Sterling Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.) Cabell and his force of 1,250 men retreated, with Union forces led by Colonel William F. Cloud in pursuit. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a "more perfect union" than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". The battery spiked its guns and surrendered at Meridian, Mississippi, on May 11, 1865. Hindman's problem was that General Van Dorn had taken virtually every organized regiment in the state with him to Mississippi. [33] Arkansas soon found itself virtually defenseless.
The last formation of new Confederate units occurred during this time with the formation of the 45th through the 48th Arkansas Mounted Infantry units. ———. The foraging expedition was successful, but on their return, they were ambushed by 3,600 Confederate cavalry, led by Brigadier General Marmaduke. A year later Little Rock's white residents voted to close the high schools rather than keep them open on a desegregated basis.
February 5. This series of events, combined with harassing tactics, confused the Federal authorities, causing them to fear that they did not have an adequate supply line to conquer the state and they soon diverted from a course towards the capital and instead moved to Helena to reestablish a solid supply line. With General Curtis in pursuit, General Sterling Price led the retreating Confederate army across the Arkansas state line near Bentonville (Benton County).
From Augusta (Woodruff County), Andrews led a group of 160 men north toward the rumored location of McRae’s camp. In the first military engagements of the Civil War in Arkansas, the two armies clashed in the Action at Pott’s Hill and the Skirmish at Little Sugar Creek. In response to the Confederate expulsion from Missouri, General Van Dorn devised a plan to attack Union forces in northwest Arkansas as part of an effort to move north and capture St. Louis. Some attempts at recruiting local volunteers were made, but with little success. In January 1861 the General Assembly called an election for the people to vote on whether Arkansas should hold a convention to consider secession.
The fall of Little Rock had a direct effect on President Abraham Lincoln’s decision to issue a “Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction” on December 8, 1863. Action at Whitney’s Lane: While on a foraging expedition near Searcy (White County), a Union detachment was attacked by Texas cavalry and local militia. ; Series 1 – Volume 1, page 686, accessed January 19, 2010.
© 2019 Encyclopedia of Arkansas. He moved his 17,000-man army back into Missouri to take advantage of better transportation routes and headed east. Steele ultimately outflanked Price's defensive preparations by crossing the Arkansas River and attacking from the south side of the river. Following Price's disastrous defeat at Westport on October 23, all Arkansas cavalry units returned to the state where a majority were furloughed for the rest of the Civil War. Most of the guns were castoffs and unusable weapons from the various state armories which had been returned to the armories after the Confederate armies east of the Mississippi had been re-equipped from the "Battlefield Quartermaster" of Seven Days Battles, Second Manassas and Harper Ferry.
Union brigadier general Samuel Curtis, along with 12,000 men, had begun to drive Confederate forces south from Missouri, thus initiating the Pea Ridge Campaign. Though Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi Theater did not officially surrender until June 2, 1865, a significant portion of Confederate forces in Arkansas already surrendered, deserted, or disbanded. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003. Shelby lost 173 men during the action. page 777 – 781, Accessed 3 March 2010.
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