He went about in barbarian dress, wearing long-sleeved purple tunics embroidered with gold which hung to his feet; robes similarly decorated with gold and purple covered his legs from hip to toe, and he wore a crown of varicolored precious gems. His contemporaneous account of Elagabalus's reign is generally considered more reliable than the Augustan History or other accounts for this general time period,[105][106] though by his own admission Dio spent the greater part of the relevant period outside of Rome and had to rely on second-hand information. Someone like, be considered transgender because, although he was. For readers of the modern age, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon (1737–1794) further cemented the scandalous reputation of Elagabalus.
He forced leading members of Rome's government to participate in religious rites celebrating this deity, over which he presided. Elagabalus also known as Heliogabalus was Roman Emperor from 218 to 222. Upon becoming emperor he took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and became known after his native god only after his death.[5]. © 2020 - Spectrum Nation, LLC. Beyond that, she also plucked her facial hair, wore makeup, and would, on occasion, wear a wig when she would go out to taverns.
He was simply the loser in a power struggle within the imperial family; the loyalty of the Praetorian Guards was up for sale, and Julia Maesa had the resources to outmaneuver and outbribe her grandson.
[17], Praetorian prefect Ulpius Julianus responded by attacking the Third Legion, most likely on Macrinus's orders (though one account says he acted on his own before Macrinus knew of the rebellion). Project Centers Female Voices for World AIDS Day, #SpectrumScavenger: A Scavenger Hunt to Discover Houston’s Hidden Public Art. "[119], The first book-length biography was The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus (1911) by J. Stuart Hay, "a serious and systematic study"[120] more sympathetic than that of previous historians, which nonetheless stressed the exoticism of Elagabalus, calling his reign one of "enormous wealth and excessive prodigality, luxury and aestheticism, carried to their ultimate extreme, and sensuality in all the refinements of its Eastern habit". In Elagabalus’ case, I would put forward that there is good evidence she met both aforementioned criteria of being transgender—she preferred to live as a gender other than the one she was assigned at birth, and lived this way as a choice of its own end. One of these, Marius Maximus’ biographies, is lost to time, but was used as the primary source for Aelius Spartianus, Julius Capitolinus, and Vulcacius Gallicanus’ Historia Augusta, published one to two hundred years after Elagabalus’ death. [53] The athlete Aurelius Zoticus is said by Dio to have been Elagabalus's lover and cubicularius (a non-administrative role), while the Augustan History says Zoticus was a husband to Elagabalus and held greater political influence.
He made the whole journey in this reverse fashion, looking up into the face of his god. [58] Herodian and the Augustan History say that Elagabalus alienated many by giving powerful positions to other allies. [32], Maesa spread a rumor, which Soaemias publicly supported, that Elagabalus was the illegitimate child of Caracalla[33][23] and so deserved the loyalty of Roman soldiers and senators who had sworn allegiance to Caracalla. The City of God Againist the Pagans (Vol.
However, as it turned out, Alexander had more support from the population and the army than Elagabalus. On their arrival the soldiers started cheering Alexander while ignoring Elagabalus, who ordered the summary arrest and execution of anyone who had taken part in this display of insubordination. [18], Elagabalus's family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god Elagabal, of whom Elagabalus was the high priest at Emesa (modern Homs) in Roman Syria as part of the Arab Emesene dynasty.
Unfortunately, the two most prominent examples were in positions of religious and political importance, which creates complexities when attempting to sort out society’s view of transgender existence. [55] In the last year of his reign, Elagabalus divorced Annia Faustina and remarried Aquilia Severa. "[12] Despite universal condemnation of his reign, some scholars do write warmly about him, including 6th century Roman chronicler John Malalas, and Warwick Ball, a modern historian who described him as innovative and "a tragic enigma lost behind centuries of prejudice".
Varner, E. R. (2008). [121], Some recent historians paint a more favourable picture of the emperor's rule. [31], Herodian writes that when the emperor Macrinus came to power, he suppressed the threat to his reign from the family of his assassinated predecessor, Caracalla, by exiling them—Julia Maesa, her two daughters, and her eldest grandson Elagabalus—to their estate at Emesa in Syria. Grandmother (Julia Maesa), in turn, was the widow of the consul Julius Avitus, sister of Julia Domna and sister-in-law of Emperor Septimius Severus. [74], Dio writes that in order to increase his piety as high priest of Elagabal atop a new Roman pantheon, Elagabalus had himself circumcised and swore to abstain from swine. [101] Sections 13 to 17, relating to the fall of Elagabalus, are less controversial among historians. [11] An example of a modern historian's assessment is Adrian Goldsworthy's: "Elagabalus was not a tyrant, but he was an incompetent, probably the least able emperor Rome had ever had. Furthermore, in Herodian’s History of the Roman Empire since the Death of Marcus Aurelius, he records that Elagabalus retained the services of many male and female concubines.
[36] To strengthen his legitimacy, Elagabalus adopted the same name Caracalla bore as emperor, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. It was, in fact, one of their justifications for going to war with the Celts. Though a long-standing cornerstone of Roman religious life, lasting long into the Christian era, the cult’s clergy was seen as distasteful and Roman citizens were barred from joining.
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They would. At first glance, Elagabalus appears to be a fairly standard, mid-to-late Roman ruler: ineffective and prone to excess. Transgender people have always been around in one form or another, though the terminology that we’ve used to describe ourselves has changed over time. Clearly, Elagabalus was an unpopular empress, so might her transgender nature be an invention of these chroniclers, rather than something grounded in facts? [7][82] Dio says that Elagabalus prostituted himself in taverns and brothels. Gibbon, E. (2003). [55], Dio states that another "husband of this woman [Elagabalus] was Hierocles", an ex-slave and chariot driver from Caria.
)[49] Comazon was appointed commander of the Praetorian Guard. [12] As alternatives, she turned to her other daughter, Julia Avita Mamaea, and her grandson, the thirteen-year-old Severus Alexander.
, and was assigned male at birth—given the name, a niece to the Emperor Caracalla. However, his grandmother Julia Maesa was aware of the grandson’s low popularity and was counting on his fall. [28] Initially venerated at Emesa, the deity's cult spread to other parts of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century; a dedication has been found as far away as Woerden (in the Netherlands), near the Roman limes. [54], Next, according to Herodian, Elagabalus and his entourage spent the winter of 218–219 in Bithynia at Nicomedia, and then traveled through Thrace and Moesia to Italy in the first half of 219.
[20] Elagabalus's grandmother, Julia Maesa, was the widow of the consul Julius Avitus, the sister of Julia Domna, and the sister-in-law of the emperor Septimius Severus.
[42][43][44] Macrinus therefore retreated to Antioch, after which the Second Legion shifted its loyalties to Elagabalus.
[84] In other instances, Dio's account is inaccurate, as when he says Elagabalus appointed entirely unqualified officials and that Comazon had no military experience before being named to head the Praetorian Guard,[109] when in fact Comazon had commanded the Third Legion. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Herodian. In her text In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele, author Lynn Roller points out that there is no record of people who were assigned female at birth joining Cyble’s cult in the Imperial era. He was a senator under emperor Commodus and governor of Smyrna after the death of Septimius Severus, and then he served as suffect consul around 205, and as proconsul in Africa and Pannonia. Journal of the American Academy of The exact number of spouses she had is unknown, but she took at least five wives and one husband. "[103], The historian Cassius Dio, who lived from the second half of the 2nd century until sometime after 229, wrote a contemporary account of Elagabalus.
[54], Next, according to Herodian, Elagabalus and his entourage spent the winter of 218–219 in Bithynia at Nicomedia, and then traveled through Thrace and Moesia to Italy in the first half of 219. [15] The emperor reportedly wore makeup and wigs, preferred to be called a lady and not a lord, and offered vast sums to any physician who could provide him with a vagina,[14][15][83] although Clare Rowan says that this last detail "seem[s] to be entirely fictive". [61], Elagabalus's relationships to his mother Julia Soaemias and grandmother Julia Maesa were strong at first; they were influential supporters from the beginning, and Macrinus declared war on them as well as Elagabalus. [37], Macrinus asked the Roman Senate to denounce Elagabalus as "the False Antoninus", and they complied,[41] declaring war on Elagabalus and his family.
[31], Herodian writes that when the emperor Macrinus came to power, he suppressed the threat to his reign from the family of his assassinated predecessor, Caracalla, by exiling them—Julia Maesa, her two daughters, and her eldest grandson Elagabalus—to their estate at Emesa in Syria. [10] According to Barthold Georg Niebuhr, "the name Elagabalus is branded in history above all others" because of his "unspeakably disgusting life".
Elagabalus ran backward in front of the chariot, facing the god and holding the horses' reins.
[9] This tradition has persisted, and with writers of the early modern age he suffered one of the worst reputations among Roman emperors.
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