Booth ML, Knox S, Kang M. Encounters between adolescents and general practice in Australia. This vaccine was later produced in quantity by the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL). Stakeholders’ Report, Circular - Cessation of BCG vaccination 1985, Operational circular - Hepatitis B vaccination program, Free chickenpox vaccine from 1 November. Accessed on 18 March 2011. Menser M, Forrest J, Bransby R. Rubella vaccination in Australia: 1. a five year follow up of vaccinated schoolgirls. Introduction of the National Meningococcal C Vaccination Program. School-based delivery of vaccines has occurred in Australia for over 80 years and has demonstrated advantages over primary care delivery for this part of the population. We wish to acknowledge the dedication of all those involved in the delivery of school-based vaccination programs in Australia. It will be used to make improvements to this website.
Time-limited statewide school-based vaccination occurred to deliver Australian Government funded national vaccination campaigns until 2007 when the statewide school-based vaccination program commenced in the state.8. Ahmed S, Poulsom WJ. A short history of vaccination in Australia. This, approach has demonstrated significant advantages over delivery through general practitioners (GPs) alone.7,8 However it has not been uniformly introduced nationally due to the differences in political support and the legislative and public health systems across the states and territories. Nagy C. School Age Hepatitis B Program, Operations North. As more evidence of the success of school-based vaccination emerged and the number of vaccines recommended for ongoing delivery to adolescents grew, school-based vaccination programs were established or re-established in more states and territories. Consequently, a one-off catch-up program for all school students was implemented during 1998-99.18. 1 Most of these strategies were abandoned in the mid-1980s with the decline in tuberculosis, but there are worrying signs that the decline has halted and that rates of infection in Australia … Health and History. Gidding HF, Warlow M, MacIntyre CR, et al. The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine since its first use in 1921 has been the subject of much controversy as to its effectiveness and applicability. 2003. School-based vaccination developed further in the late 1990s and early 2000s when the Australian Government funded all jurisdictions to deliver two ‘whole of school’ vaccination programs. Available from: http://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr2003-kp-kp03205.htm (Link was correct at the time of publication.). Interim estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage in the school-based program in Australia. This strategy will continue to evolve in response to available evidence and increased availability of, and recommendations for, adolescent vaccines. Forsyth KD, Wirsing von Konig CH, Tan T, et al. Cohen NJ. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The vaccine continues to be offered in later secondary school grades, though more recently there has been a recommendation for it to be offered at a younger age (11 to 13 years) in either the last year of primary school (grade 6 or 7) or first year of secondary school (grade 7 or 8).25. Following a recommendation of the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), hepatitis B catch-up vaccination commenced in 1998-99 for all adolescents aged 10–16 years.15 Three doses of the vaccine were incorporated into existing school-based vaccination programs in some jurisdictions, although in Western Australia, New South Wales and most areas of Queensland the vaccine was initially provided by GPs.16,17 The Northern Territory had provided universal infant hepatitis B vaccination from 1990 hence, most school children already received the vaccine. Hall R. Notifiable disease surveillance, 1917 to 1991. Correll PK, Hayen A, Eyeson-Annan M. Hepatitis B immunisation in children aged 10-13 years in New South Wales, 2001. The vaccine was offered to one cohort of girls aged 10–14 years and delivered in school grades 6, 7 or 8 in all jurisdictions except Queensland.9,14 From 1993-94 to 1997, the schoolgirl rubella program was replaced by the routine vaccination of both boys and girls with the combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine.14 This program set the scene for a more consistent adoption of school-based vaccination in some states and territories. State and territory governments primarily fund service delivery, although the Australian Government has provided funding for the delivery of some vaccines.
This annual rate declined from 48 per 100 000 in the late 1940s as a result of a highly successful national tuberculosis control program involving active case finding, standardised treatment, mass X-ray surveys and widespread BCG vaccination. Accessed on 13 April 2008.
Although some continued with the school-based approach to deliver adult diphtheria–tetanus vaccine (ADT) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) to adolescents, more than 25 years elapsed before the next major national school-based vaccination program was implemented (Table 1). BCG vaccination is still considered an important strategy in the National Tuberculosis Programs of countries with a high burden of tuberculosis (TB) because of its benefit to infants but its effect on the control of TB has been limited. BCG vaccination of schoolchildren in England and Wales. 1991;17(11):226-236. This information was used to compile the following historical account of school-based vaccination in Australia, primarily focusing on adolescent programs though including relevant national catch-up campaigns targeting younger school-aged children. Thanks to state/territory immunisation program managers and the many others who provided valuable information on the history of school-based vaccination in Australia. Thank you for taking the time to provide feedback. In Queensland, nationally recommended adolescent vaccines were predominantly delivered through general practitioners, although routine school-based vaccination programs operated in some local government areas and health service districts. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC).
Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. In 2005, varicella vaccine was included on the funded NIP schedule at 18 months and as a catch-up for non-immune adolescents aged 10 to 13 years.26 From 2006 the adolescent dose was delivered through existing jurisdiction-wide school-based vaccination programs in all states and territories except Queensland.27 The catch-up dose of varicella vaccine for adolescents is currently scheduled to cease after 2015, when the first cohort eligible for the infant dose will reach the age at which the adolescent catch-up dose is currently offered. Many developed countries, including Australia, now recommend routine vaccination of adolescents. Much of the historical literature about vaccination in Australia omits detail on school-based delivery. However it is currently scheduled to cease around the time when the first age-cohort eligible for the universal birth dose enters secondary school. Abbott T. Minister for Health and Ageing. ; 31 March - 1 April 2003; Canberra, Australia. The Australian Immunisation Handbook. Patel A, Schofield F, Siskind V, et al. A report on Australia’s Measles Control Campaign. This includes understanding operational factors that optimise uptake and enhancing coverage beyond the current levels to maximise population immunity as disease incidence decreases. Vaccination of school children with live mumps virus vaccine. Impact of the Australian Measles Control Campaign on immunity to measles and rubella. Media release: Boost to Australia’s national immunisation program. McIntyre P, Gidding H, Gilmour R, et al. The most recent addition to the routine school-based vaccination program in Australia came with the National Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Program. Ward KF, Menzies RI, Quinn HE, et al. The availability of an adult formulation of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dTpa),21,22 and the recognition of increasing pertussis incidence in adolescents prompted the addition of dTpa vaccine to the NIP in November 2003.23 This replaced the previously recommended ADT booster dose for 15 to 17 year olds. The history of the BCG vaccine starts with Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin. Managed at a state or territory level, current school-based vaccination programs in Australia offer nationally recommended and Australian Government funded vaccines to adolescents in specific school grades using local teams of trained vaccination providers.
Prevention of pertussis: recommendations derived from the second Global Pertussis Initiative roundtable meeting. 2009. The national schoolgirl rubella vaccination program commenced in 1970–71 to vaccinate females prior to, but as close as possible to potential pregnancy with a view to reducing the incidence of congenital rubella. This article uses existing records and the recollection of experts to compile a history of school-based vaccination in Australia, primarily focusing on adolescents. 8th Edition. The Northern Territory was the only jurisdiction to continue routinely offering this until 1990 (Table 1).12,13 Some states and territories also used schools to deliver polio vaccine during the 1950s and 1960s as part of larger mass vaccination programs. School-based delivery of vaccines has occurred in Australia for over 80 years and has demonstrated advantages over primary care delivery for this part of the population. As part of larger mass vaccination programs, school-based delivery of diphtheria, polio, and tuberculosis vaccines contributed substantially to the rapid decline of these diseases in the mid to late 1900s.9,11 Although coverage data from early programs is limited, state/territory data from routine school-based vaccination programs illustrates good uptake (65% to 80%), particularly in late primary school and lower secondary school grades.24,29,30 Uptake in routine school-based vaccination programs has been consistently higher than that achieved by other strategies to vaccinate adolescents, such as mandates for school entry,31 or GP delivery.7,8,16 Evaluations of the impact of several school-based vaccination programs have identified significantly higher levels of immunity in population cohorts vaccinated through these programs compared with those who have not.32-34 Despite evidence of their success there is still room for improvement in school-based program delivery in Australia. In 2000, the nationally recommended cohort for receipt of the adolescent catch-up dose of hepatitis B was revised to include only 10 to 13 year olds, and from 2000–04 jurisdictions shifted to a two dose schedule.10 Hepatitis B vaccine is now provided routinely in all jurisdictions, either in the last year of primary school or the first year of secondary school. BCG is an abbreviation of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, meaning the bacilli of Calmette and Guerin.
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