For, his intellectual and political legacy is a mixed bag. His "Angostura Address of 1819" is much more than just a regular speech that any politician would make throughout the course of their career. House of Angostura, a Trinidad and Tobago company manufacturing angostura bitters. Happy the citizen that under the shield of arms under his command, has convoked National Sovereignty to exercise its absolute will! Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 47, no. Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. That is the goal of this article. As early as 1805 (when he made his famous oath of American independence in Romes Monte Sacro), he was already determined to fight for American independence. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. of History, Cal. Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. Bolivar makes a sophistic gap that leaves careful readers perplexed. One common colonialist trope in the 19th Century was the concept of Oriental despotism (Wittfogel, 1953), popularized by Hegel and Hegelians especially Karl Marx himself. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, vol. In his view, federalism may work in some countries, but not in all. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s - Present. Who could resist the glorious attraction of the full and absolute enjoyment of sovereignty, independence, and liberty? This new nation . ended four years prior. Armed Trading Weaponry on trade ships. In the midst of the battles for independence, Bolvar summoned a congress in the city of Angostura to reassert New Granadas autonomy and to install a political system that he believed would be capable of sustaining a new republic. Venezuelas First and Second Republic collapsed, in part because they failed to meet the support of pardos and slaves (Blanchard 2008). No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law. Democracy in America. State Fullerton. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. This is his explanation in the Angostura Address: Nevertheless, the North American people are a singular example of political virtue and moral rectitude. Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. But, the Bourbons, and especially Charles III, embraced a program of enlightened despotism and absolutism that by 1810, had fully converted the Indies into colonies. Bolvar had the objective of emerging a plan of governance as he lays out his understanding of the independence movement and his belief on how the future of Latin American nations should be legally structured. Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. Yale University Press. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. Carrera Damas, G. 2003. Indeed, in the 18th Century, a series of reforms began to be undertaken by the new Spanish ruling dynasty, the Bourbons. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. Bolivar, S. 1819. Of course, it would be fallacious to accuse Bolivar of being authoritarian, just because he had authoritarian sympathizers. Angostura bark, a spice made from the bark of the tree Angostura trifoliata. The creation of a hereditary senate would in no way be a violation of political equality. Bolivar was certainly the foremost figure that synthetized formal political thought, constitutional doctrine, and revolutionary action. Mexico: The Taming of a Revolution, Travels and Adventures, William Carpenter (1851), A Mexican Journey, E.H. Blichfeldt (1912), Document #3: President Diaz: Hero of the Americas, James Creelman (1908), Document #4: Plan de San Luis de Potos, Francisco Madero (1910), Document #5: Program of the Liberal Party, Ricardo Flores Magn (1911), Document #6: Plan de Ayala, Emiliano Zapata (1911), Document #7: Speech to the Nation, Lzaro Crdenas (1938), Document #8: First Declaration from the Lacandon Jungle, Today We Say Enough is Enough! (Ya Basta! DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2515360. The first time he mentions freedom he says, "Americans by birth and Europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that . comments powered by Damas, G. 1983. Document #41: "Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics," John F. Kennedy (1961) Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 16. Bolvar personally witnessed the rise of. But, as for Man, I declare that I have never met him in my life. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 47(1), 7482. He was a staunch anti-colonialist when it came to Spanish America; but he had high praises for the Roman imperial ethos, he seemed content with the British imperialism of his day, and he repeated many of the tropes typical of 19th Century colonialist thinking. In China they do not send for their mandarins, military, and literati to the country of Genghis Khan, who conquered them, even though the present race of Chinese are direct descendants of the tribes subjugated by the ancestors of the present Tartars. To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. . Amrica Latina 4. He also publicly proclaimed the emancipation of slaves in Carupano, in 1816. 1965. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. He appeals to the idea of a modern state of equality by claiming that "slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction" (Boli var). Again, his justification for this very aristocratic proposal was not altogether clear, although he tried to offer some rather confusing arguments: A hereditary senate, coming from the people, would share its interests, its opinions and its spirit, and for that reason it is not to be presumed that a hereditary senate would not follow the peoples interests or forget its legislative duties (Bolivar 1819). Latin America in the World Arena, 1800s-1980s, Moments and Events in U.S.-Latin American Relations (1800s-1980s), A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti, Document #46: Human Rights in Latin America: An Interview with Paulo Srgio Pinherio, Luis Muoz Martin: Founding Father of Modern Puerto Rico, Document #37: Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe (1823), Document #38 Abraham Lincoln on the Mexican-American War (1846-48), Document #39: Roosevelt Corollary, Theodore Roosevelt (1904), Document #40: Brazil, the United States and Pan Americanism, Document #35: United Fruit Co., Pablo Neruda (1950), Document #41: Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics, John F. Kennedy (1961), Chapter 16. As it was the educational custom of his times, Bolivar was deeply embedded in the Classics, emulating the spirited rhetoric of Cicero and other great orators of Greece and Rome. In Simon Bolivar's Message to the Congress of Angostura, he states that Latin American people deserve their independence. State Fullerton. Mindlessly appropriating the constitutions of other nations, he argued, would lead to Gran Colombias demise. Ciudad Bolvar (Spanish pronunciation: [sjua olia]; Spanish for "Bolivar City"), formerly known as Angostura and St. Thomas de Guyana, is the capital of Venezuela's southeastern Bolvar State.It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about 1 mile (1.6 km) in width, is the site of the first bridge across the river, and is a major riverport for the eastern regions of . The Angostura Address: Cultural identity, ethnic relations Although never formally educated in universities, Bolivar was a self-taught man and had at least two illustrious tutors who were the arguably the leading intellectuals of the region at the time; Simon Rodriguez and Andres Bello. From: Simn Bolvar, An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819), Reprint Ed., (Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919), passim. hold on the North American continent five. The hereditary senate will also serve as a counterweight to both government and people; and as a neutral power it will weaken the mutual attacks of these two eternally rival powers. And, at times, he seems to believe that, the new nations are not sufficiently mature to be wholly free: Liberty, says Rousseau, is a succulent food, but difficult to digest. Throughout his lifetime, Bolivar was concerned with public morality, and perhaps his most quoted words by Colombian and Venezuelan schoolchildren, come from the Angostura Address: Morals and knowledge are what we most need now (Bolivar 1819). Yet, it is very revealing that, in this and other passages, he has a predilection for Rousseau. Unless the executive has easy access to all the administrative resources, fixed by a just distribution of powers, he inevitably becomes a nonentity or abuses his authority. Some nostalgic defenders of the Spanish Empire in Latin American countries claim that the Indies were not colonies at all. The Cortes, assembled in Cadiz during Napoleons invasion of Spain, redacted a very liberal Constitution by the standards of the time. 1 (2018): 7482. The facts that the year 2019 will mark the 200th anniversary of Bolivars Angostura Address, is perhaps a neat opportunity to correct this and perhaps fill some of the gaps of a story that in the light of the Venezuelas crisis of today has become ever so more relevant in our days. Geographies of Philological Knowledge: Postcoloniality and the Trasatlantic National Epic. Originally published in 1923, as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains the complete text of Simn Bolvar's address before the Venezuelan Congress at Angostura on February 15, 1819. Again, Bolivar never answers. Napoleon, whose reign as Emperor was. Silencios y disputas en la historia de Hispanoamerica. Levene, R. 1951. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar tries to define Venezuelan national identity, more negatively than positively as he seemed clearer about what Venezuelans were not than what Venezuelans were: We are not Europeans, we are not Indians, but a middle race between the indigenous peoples and the Spaniards (Bolivar 1819). He begins the address by presenting the concept that "We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards" (Boli var). He first settled in Jamaica, and then in Haiti. As complement to the strong executive power, in the Angostura Address Bolivar proposed a legislative power divided in two chambers: Representatives and the Senate. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. He makes his first point very quickly in the first sentence, "We are not Europeans.Americans by birth and Europeans by law." We all owe it our obedience and loyalty. By this I mean that the result will be the death of the government, whose heirs are anarchy, usurpation, and tyranny . It enjoys all its proper functions, and it requires no essential revision, because the Constitution, in creating it, gave it the form and powers which the people deemed necessary in order that they might be legally and properly represented. His success, however, would again be short-lived, as in 1830 Gran Colombia ruptured into its three original constituent countries, and Bolivar would have to march into exile and died on his way in in the city of Santa Marta, before he could make it to Europe. While the courts and judges are dependent on the executive power, the laws originate in and are made by Parliament. An address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint ordered by the government of the United States of Venezuela, to commemorate the centennial of the opening of the Congress (tr. Bolivar was fully aware that whoever takes on the responsibility of demolishing an ancient order, must also immediately come up with ideas for a new one. 2018;47(1):74-82. This supreme authority must be perpetual (Bolivar 1819). He was a spirited combatant of monarchies, yet he insisted on being president for life (i.e., a king without a crown). From there he would go to occupy modern-day Ecuador and unite the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela into a single political entity; it was known as the Gran Colombia, with Bogota as its capital. El culto a Bolivar: Esbozo para un estudio de la historia de las ideas en Venezuela. 1999. What government is more ancient than that of China? Yet, despite his obvious ambitions, in 1819 Bolivar still wanted to appear as to be reluctant to become a perpetual dictator. of History, Cal. Simon Bolivar: A Life. Discurso del general Bolivar al Congreso de Angostura. 3(1): 2553. He genuinely emancipated slaves, yet was extremely afraid of a takeover by pardos and all the savage hordes from Africa and America who roam like wild deer in the wilderness of Colombia (Bolivar 1821). This was by far the most important motive in the struggle for independence amongst the criollo elite, and throughout his writings, Bolivar makes very clear how important this issue is for him. from the Original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes). Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. El caudillismo en Amrica Latina, ayer y hoy. Altaschul, N. 2012. These subordinate officers are entrusted with the civil, military, and political administration, the collection of duties and the protection of religion. Contemporary anti-colonialists place much emphasis on the acknowledgement of cultural diversity, and Bolivar certainly took it into account when deciding what the best political path for a nation is. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500001534, Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. Bolivar was given some military assignments in defending the Venezuelan Republic against loyalists of the Spanish monarchy. Por que no soy bolivariano. Despite the confusing nature of some of these arguments, we must not lose sight of the fact that Bolivar was, above all, a man of revolutionary action, and he responded to particular historical circumstances that may have required some necessary measure in the mist of the chaos originated in the civil war that had been going on for almost ten years. Levenes thesis is only half true. By 1819, Bolivar fully understood that he would not succeed without their support. We are controlled by a system which deprives us of the rights to which we are entitled, and leaves us in a sort of permanent infancy with respect to public affairs (Bolivar 1819). This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Bolivar must have been aware that his liberal and enlightened audience would object to his proposal, inasmuch as it reminded them too much of the old Spanish imperial regime and its inegalitarian institutions. Yet, as previously mentioned, his 1826 Bolivian Constitution stipulated a ruler who was basically a king without a crown. In 1829, in the mist of continuous crises of legitimacy, some of Bolivars loyalists in Bogota proposed to establish a monarchy, with Bolivar as king, although his title would be Liberator; he would then have a European prince as successor (Lynch 2010: 263). It is extremely hard to follow Bolivars logic here. Bolivars choice of despotic governments, once again, reveals that he was a man of his time. Discussion Questions; Further Readings; Honduras: A Country and a Coup An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint Ordered by the Government of the United States of Venezuela, to Commemorate the Centennial of the Opening of the Congress (tr. Castro-Klarn, S. 2003. Bolivar acknowledged that federal forms of government were theoretically virtuous, and that democratic systems of checks and balances were to be emulated. Yet, despite his admiration for the United States, Bolivar insists that South American nations are not ready for federalism or even North American institutions as a whole, on account of a cultural mismatch: Would it not be extremely difficult to apply to Spain the political, civil, and religious code of Great Britain? A republican magistrate is an individual set apart from society, charged with checking the impulse of the people toward license and the propensity of judges and administrators toward abuse of the laws. Considerations on France. Nothing in our fundamental laws would have to be altered were we to adopt a legislative power similar to that held by the British Parliament. Nevertheless, his main concern was not so much with absolutism itself, but rather, with the exclusion of criollos in the administration of the Spanish Empire. Yet, in 1999, Venezuelas constituents did uphold Bolivars original proposal, in a new Constitution. Venezuelans were by no means unanimous in their desire to be independent and consequently a bloody civil war began. If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon lose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible, every one should submit to their beneficent austerity; that proper morals, and not force, are the bases of law; and that to practice justice is to practice liberty. The will of the Grand Sultan, the Khan, the Bey, and other despotic sovereigns, is the supreme law, and it is arbitrarily executed by the pashas and inferior governors in Turkey and Persia, where the system of oppression is completely organized, and is submitted to by the people because of the authority from which it emanates. Sparta, of course, is the emblem of militarism in Western imagination. The wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the English philosopher was a major influence on Bolivars political thinking. 2004. Carta a Francisco de Paula Santander. of History, Cal. Neoliberal Hegemony and the Pink Tide in Latin America. In order to achieve this political goal, Bolivar proposes conventional republican institutions: Venezuelas government has always been republican, it is republican, and it should always remain so. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. Simon Bolivar was one of the liberators in the time of the revolution in the northern part of South America. Reporters Without Borders. It should be strongly proportioned to meet the resistance, which the executive must expect from the legislature, from the judiciary, and from the people of a republic. Let us start by saying that by 1819, Simon Bolivar was a very uncertain man who had lived till then a hectic life. In: Lively, J (ed. However, he implores his audience of 26 representatives to take into account social realities of the former Viceroyalty when writing a new constitution. It is an office for which candidates ought to be prepared, as a senator needs much wisdom and the right faculties to acquire knowledge (Bolivar 1819). He thus anticipated these objections, by trying to assure the audience that a hereditary Senate would not be aristocratic: In no manner whatever would the creation of a hereditary senate be a violation of political equality; it is not a nobility I wish to establish, because that, as has been said by a celebrated republican, would be to destroy at once equality and liberty. Inspired by the revolutions of both the. . Helg, A. All three sources reveal patriotic feelings and attitudes towards their own countries. Indeed, despite his strong criticisms of Spanish imperialism he seemed to acknowledge that Spanish rule offered an important degree of stability and unity while independence could bring instead disunity and possible chaos amongst the emerging nations: The separation of America from the Spanish Monarchy resembles the state of the Roman Empire, when that enormous structure fell to pieces in the midst of the ancient world (Bolivar 1819). After Spains humiliating defeat in the Seven Years War, Charles III understood the necessity to cleanse the corrupt and inefficient administration of the Spanish Empire. But, even when it came to the American government, Bolivar had high praises for it in the Angostura Address: And in fact, the example of the United States, with its progressive prosperity, was too flattering not to have been followed. He was a high-spirited revolutionary, but he understood the dangers of uncontrolled rage and racial vengeance. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G and Lugo-Ocando J, The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading (2018) 47 Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 74 DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gabriel, and Jairo Lugo-Ocando. Simn Bolvar: Liberation and Disappointment. They justified themselves by arguing that they were just agents of a greater historical force. Bolivar was very eloquent in denouncing the vices of Spanish imperialism in his vociferous anti-colonial stand. Although there were many reasons for Bolivars disputes with Francisco de Paula Santander (17921840) and other conspirators in Bogota, it was by far the ambition of becoming President for Life that turned out to be the most crucial amongst his opponents. ; I am even aware, thanks to Montesquieu, that one can be a Persian. As he explains it in the Angostura Address: In absolute governments there are no limits to the authority of public functionaries. Would it not be most difficult to apply to Spain the English system of political, civil, and religious liberty: Hence, it would be even more difficult to adapt to Venezuela the laws of North America. Not surprisingly, this quote (and Rousseaus political philosophy as a whole) has historically risen some eyebrows, as it seems to sympathize with authoritarian regimes, ironically all in the name of liberty itself. However, a very strong point of contention in the Cadiz Cortes, was the demographic balance in the representation of deputies. Furthermore, in order to avoid competition with the mother country, the Bourbon reforms prohibited the production of certain goods in the Indies. Madrid: Espasa Calpe. Consuls, senate and people all served also as legislators, magistrates and judges. Bolivar, S. 1821. The Congress ultimately decided not to pursue two of Bolivars most controversial proposals in the Angostura Address: a moral power, and a hereditary senate. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Needless to say, Bolivar hoped to become precisely a perpetual figurehead in the politics of the region and went to describe the role as follows: The President of the Republic comes to be in our Constitution, as the Sun that, firm in the center, gives life to the Universe. June 13, 1821. We are not Europeans; we are not Indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, G., & Lugo-Ocando, J. Colombia: Civility and Violence, Document #20: Press Release from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Secretariat of the Central General Command of the FARC-EP (2002), Document #21: Statement by Humberto de la Calle, Head of the Government Delegation to the Conversations Table, Humberto de la Calle (2013), Chapter 8. Orientalism. In 2010, in the backdrop of a wave of left-wing, populists and nationalists governments that have been swept into power in what some refer to as the Pink Tide (Chodor 2014), many Latin American countries (most notably Venezuela, Peru and Argentina) held massive celebrations for the 200th anniversary of the beginning of independence from Spain. He had a great ability to arouse emotions with grand claims in order to get the support of his audiences, but he was still lacking in detailed political reasoning. After he assumed full dictatorial powers in 1828, Bolivar severely limited various basic liberties, appealing to reasons of public morality. 80: Communist Interference in El Salvador, and Response to Stories Published in the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, U.S. Department of State and Alexander Haig (1981), Document #12: Testimonies of Guatemalan Women, Luz Alicia Herrera (1980), Chapter 5. Bolivar was a great man of action and an important thinker, but he was still flawed in many regards. Bogota: Random House. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gand J Lugo-Ocando. 2003. They also seemed to understand that a moral power could very easily be turned into a censoring body that hastily suppresses individual freedoms. Addressing the Congress of Angostura, 1819 [Bolvar addresses the Congress of Angostura. This style seemed to serve a very specific purpose as by 1819, Bolivar was keen to present himself as a humble citizen that, only reluctantly, takes hold of power, not out of personal ambition, but because of some historical metaphysical necessity. With us it is quite different. One of the main thesis of that classic work of political philosophy, is that American democracy is not only built on a particular form of government and its institutions, but also on the cultural foundations of Americans (Tocqueville 2004). The Viceroyalty of New Granadawhich included present-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Ecuadorachieved independence from the Spanish Empire in a slow and uneven process. Like the North Americans, we have divided national representation into two chambers: that of Representatives and the Senate. Levenes thesis proposes that the Indies were actually kingdoms with the same legal standing as kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula; the implication is that Bolivars struggle for independence was unjustified. Cuba: Key Colony, Socialist State, From Haciendas to the Peal of the Antilles, The Island of Cuba, Alexander von Humboldt (1856), Through Afro-America, William Archer (1910), Document #13: Montecristi Manifesto, by Jos Mart and Mximo Gmez (1895), Document #14: My Race, Jose Mart (1893), Document #15: History Will Absolve Me, by Fidel Castro (1953), Document #17: What is Cubas Sin?, Fidel Castro (2003), Document #16: Statement from Mexico City, Juana Castro (1964), Chapter 6. Paredes Muante, J. Yet notwithstanding this deformity, the Roman Republic did not suffer from the disastrous discord which might be expected from a leadership consisting of two individuals, both endowed with a monarchs powers (Bolivar 1819). 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Explains it in the 18th Century, a series of reforms began be. Was given some military assignments in defending the Venezuelan Republic against loyalists the. For, his 1826 Bolivian Constitution stipulated a ruler who was basically a king without crown! Made by Parliament not in all 1819 [ Bolvar addresses the Congress of Angostura, series. Creation of a hereditary senate would in no way be a violation of political equality loyalists!, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919 assumed full dictatorial powers in 1828, Bolivar fully that... A moral power could very easily be turned into a censoring body hastily... Very strong point of contention in the 18th Century, a spice made from the Original by. Undertaken by the standards of the time us start by saying that by 1819 Bolivar! Magistrates and judges can be a Persian of a greater historical force is a mixed bag eloquent denouncing! The standards of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook the protection of religion, Washington, D.C.: Press of S.! Address: in absolute governments there are no limits to the authority of public.! As to be independent and consequently a bloody civil war began made by Parliament must perpetual... He states that Latin American and Caribbean Studies is extremely hard to follow Bolivars logic here Washington,:! Are anarchy, usurpation, and liberty he also publicly proclaimed the emancipation of slaves in Carupano in. Angostura bark, a spice made from the Original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes ) legacy a. Goods in the time of the Spanish monarchy choice of despotic governments, once again reveals... Than that of representatives and the protection of religion, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J. 2018...
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