Southern Ag Garden Friendly Fungicide, 8 Oz. When choosing a spot, keep in mind that its trunk and canopy need space to grow. Where do pecan trees grow in Texas? The beautiful lake surrounded by trees is the best spot for a picture. Based on the results and recommendations, you can apply zinc foliar spray. In most other locations, the first leaf buds do not appear until April or even as late as May. It's fruit tree planting time again. Pecans take between 10 and 14 days to dry. Shelled pecans store well for up to one year at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Texas is not the most likely place to look for spring-time cherry bloom, however, the state does have a few places that boast a massive bloom every year. Expert gardeners tip: Planting pecan trees 60 to 80 feet apart allows the wind pollination they rely on while giving them plenty of room to grow. Pecan trees primarily pollinate via the wind. If you desire a larger nut, Kiowa is probably one of the best Pecan varieties Texas for you. He is a certified arborist who, for more than 18 years, has helped Dallas/Fort Worth-area homeowners retain the natural beauty and value of their properties. Prune branches that are broken, diseased or rubbing together. This occurs in the fall, commonly between September and November. Mississippians should look for Kiowa, while Georgian and Louisianan gardeners often plant Elliott, and might want to check out this tree from FastGrowingTrees.com. The fruit of a pecan is technically not a true nut, but is instead a drupe a special type of fruit in which we sometimes eat the fruit (like peaches), whereas other times the seed inside the pit is what were after. Wagner's business and marketing articles have appeared in "Home Business Journal," "Nations Business," "Emerging Business" and "The Mortgage Press," among others. And make sure its at least 30 feet from other trees. Keep this in mind when pruning, and thin out dense areas to let more air and light in. Pecan trees a type of hickory tree do well in Texas, and in Ft. Worth specifically. For each inch of trunk diameter, feed your pecan tree a complete fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) up to a maximum of 25 pounds per tree. Yes, but Nut Trees Theyre Not! According to Texas A&M, a couple of varieties of Pecan. See: Red Bud Isle park in Austin; Fredericksburg Nature Center; Jacob's Well Natural Area in Wimberley. Identification If natives, which have a combination of both types of dichogamy, are not present, care should be taken to insure that both protandrous and protogynous types are planted in the same orchard. 10 to 15 gallons of water per week is adequate, and then youll need to increase that as it ages. Pecan trees are usually ready to be harvested by early September, as the husks reach their full size by late summer. When you first acquire a pecan tree, whether its a young or mature tree, youll need to make sure it is planted in a location where it can thrive. The female flowers consist of star-shaped growths that appear on the tips of new branches. Burkett, a pioneer in Pecan culture. Get daily tips & tricks to help make your best home, How to Grow and Care for Japanese Maple Trees, How to Grow Bartlett Pear Trees (Williams Pear Trees), How to Grow and Care for 'Early Harvest' Apple Tree, How to Grow and Care for Grapefruit Trees, How to Grow and Care for English Hawthorn, How To Grow and Care For Acoma Crape Myrtle, How to Grow and Care for Canadian Hemlock Trees, Pecan Trees for the Home or Backyard Orchard, Pruning of Pecan Trees Can Be Done at Any Time, Central and east central United States and Mexico. Because when a trees male flowers pollinate its female ones, most of the resulting seedlings die before theyre old enough to bloom. Mix one teaspoon of Garden Friendly Fungicide into one gallon of water. At maturity, the round fruits have a diameter of 1 to 3 inches. The calyx, which was the outer portion of the female flower, continues to grow in proportion to the developing nut so that it covers the mature nut. Place a screen or other protective barrier over the drying nuts, or you're likely to attract every squirrel in the area. The ideal climate for pecans is warm and humid. Pecans require at least three feet of well-drained soil, so rocky areas with thin soil dont work. Blooms: March to April. Luckily for the trees, Mother Nature has ensured that they cant self pollinate. When these husks begin to split, the pecans will fall from the tree. Not Your Average Hickory! But if you are the lone area gardener growing C. illinoinensis, you might need to plant a couple to get any harvestable nuts. Proper fertilization is vital for Texas pecan trees. So, even though an area might be in Zone 5 based on its low temperatures, that doesnt mean the nights stay warm enough to grow pecans, according to Reid. During the first two to three years, a young tree needs 10 to 15 gallons of water every week. wood with numerous, yellow flowers. The new Kiowa variety still used today was originally released in 1976 by the USDA and is known for producing high-quality nuts with a high % kernel. Prune branches that are broken, diseased or rubbing together. Youll have to wait six to 10 years after planting before youll get a good crop of nuts. 21:38-45. If a pecan senses drought conditions one autumn, it will turn off nut production for the following year. Oak, Bur Common Name: Bur Oak . To properly care for a pecan tree in Texas, youll need to give it plenty of water. Smaller trees and lower branches are suitable for hand-picking, but the upper canopy can be hard to reach. Pecan trees perform best with moist, humus-rich well-drained soil and six or more hours of unfiltered daily sun. Type I, or protandrous, trees have their male flowers bloom first on the ends of the previous seasons growth. The root system of a pecan tree can extend for many feet underground, so you want to make sure that there arent any pipes or additional plants competing for the same space. While Texas, in true narcissistic Texan form, lays claim to the tree, it is actually native to a large swath of the United States, from south of San Antonio east to southern Louisiana and north through Oklahoma, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois. This aphid species can be found on the top and bottom of the leaves. A couple tablespoons of Kentuckys favorite liquor gives this treat a rich and deep flavor. Heavy rain often helps to reduce their populations and hosing them off has the same effect. Soil While pecan trees can grow in a wide range of soils, they produce best in sandy loam with clay subsoil. It has a round-shaped nut and is usually compared to a large hickory nut. Pecans don't grow true from seed so you will need to purchase a young tree. The Fort Worth Japanese Garden, west of Dallas, boasts one of the most impressive cherry blossom displays in Texas. Preemergence herbicide rates are based on soil type. If you prune too early, youll put the tree at risk of disease. This allows them to cure, making it easier to shell them. A former garden editor for a daily newspaper in Austin, Texas, Gretchen Heber goes through entirely too many pruners and garden gloves in a years time. If there are plenty of these trees in your neighborhood, you can probably get away with planting just one. All Rights Reserved. Next: vs. No. Also, it is the only commercially grown nut in the state and has a wide use. If fall webworms weave their billowy nests in your trees, send a kid with a stick out to tear out and pull down the webbing, worms, and all into a bucket of soapy water. An early blooming plant, its . Arbor Leaf Tree Care 6387 Camp Bowie Blvd, STE 263, Fort Worth, Texas, 76116, Hours of Operation: 7AM-7PM, 7 Days a Week / 365 Days a Year, Arbor Leaf Tree Care 2022 | Site By Newlee. Pecan trees do not bloom at the same time, but they do have both female and male flowers. This size readily transplants. Once a pecan tree is in the ground, itll require pruning every other year or every three years. GARDENER'S PATH IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF ASK THE EXPERTS LLC. Pecan trees need full sun with at least 6 to 8 hours of sunlight per day. For more information, heres our guide on how to plant a tree. Once the leaves appear, small yellow flowers bloom next, helping to pollinate the tree so that it produces fruit if the tree is old enough. The most productive pecan grown in Texas is Wichita. Nancy Wagner is a marketing strategist and speaker who started writing in 1998. , and aphids (number 1 pecan pest). Pecan trees wont bear fruit for at least six years after theyve been planted and may take twelve or more years to get going. Or, keep things simple with this recipe for easy homemade candied pecans from Feast in Thyme. Therefore, your best bet is to plant disease-resistant pecan varieties. Gardeners with little time for maintenance should choose Western pecan trees, which bear fruit at seven to eight years of age. The Burkett variety was initially discovered in 1900 by the sons of J.H. Before pecan husks start falling, clear the space around your pecan tree of debris to make picking up the pecans easier. At maturity, pecan trees reach a height of around 70 to 100 feet, with a crown that extends 40 to 75 feet around the trunk. companies are still unsure of the parentage but it is speculated that it may be Jewett x Success cross. This is how it evolved to deal with stressful situations. Use our tree gallery to learn more about our most popular trees. Snackers might want to whip up a batch of granola with this recipe from our sister site, Foodal, which calls for a tasty blend of pecans, oats, seeds, and dried fruit. C. illinoinensis Candy, available from Nature Hills Nursery. Carya Illinoinensis - Plant Finder.Missouribotanicalgarden.Org. If youre somewhere else, treesaregood.org can help you locate other certified arborists. Buds sit on top of the half-moon-shaped leaf . Nut meats are ready to eat or store when they're dry enough to snap when you try to bend them. Most of the flood-tolerant pecan tree's absorptive roots are within 2 feet of the surface, but the numerous large anchor roots of a mature tree can reach a depth of 20 . Eulalia Palomo has been a professional writer since 2009. The USDA officially released this variety in early 1984 and it has been commonly used in Texas since then. Soak roots before planting and soak soil as you refill the hole to remove any air pockets. . Each leaf contains 11 to 17 leaflets. And its definitely time for a happy dance when shes able to beat the squirrels to the peaches, figs, or loquats. This 32-ounce bottle is ready to use. Uncredited photos: Shutterstock. Many pecans will drop out of the hull on their own during harvest. Pecan trees bloom in the spring, usually in late April or early May, although the exact time depends on the cultivar. Taking proper care of your pecan tree is vital for it to reach its full potential. For these, use an insecticidal soap such as this one from Safer Brand, also available through Amazon. It begins to bear in about 5 years and is considered to be very productive. With over 150 cherry trees that blossom in mid-March, Dallas Arboretum attracts thousands of visitors with pink and white beauty. The flowers rarely bloom at the same time, however; one tree must pollinate with another cultivar to produce a crop of nuts. Nadia Hassani is a a Penn State Master Gardener with nearly 20 years of experience in landscaping, garden design, and vegetable and fruit gardening. So I get to say how its pronounced! In the end, it all comes down to a personal preference, but you can always opt for the varieties that are more common among owners. These trees provide plenty of shade, and theyre aesthetically pleasing, with their towering height and plentiful leaves. If not, you will learn about different varieties of the Texas state tree to plant in this article. Pecan trees need full sun with at least 6 to 8 hours of sunlight per day. Not all of the pecans will fall to the ground, so you can gently shake the limbs of your pecan tree to get the most out of your harvest. Pecan trees alternate with a heavy crop year followed by a light crop year. Pecan tree leaves eventually grow up to 12 to 20 inches in length during the growing season, and resemble fern leaves. Factors besides type also influence when pecan trees bloom. Alas, dont be promising a tasty pie with fruit from your newly planted C. illinoinensis. Unpruned pecan trees left to their own devices regularly grow 75 to 100 feet tall, according to the Florida State University IFAS Extension website. Make sure to never go more than three weeks without watering; otherwise you risk damaging the tree or reducing that years crop of pecans. Naturally, this method helps encourage diversity in the nuts, which become new pecan trees in the wild. But theres a catch. I know it's early but all the trees say it's spring. Sufficient water is very important for pecan trees, both during the establishment of a young tree as well as to ensure a good crop in mature nut-bearing trees. Originally, it was made in Brownwood in 1946 but was officially named and released in 1959 as a sib of Mohawk. Keep in mind that this type of pruning should only be done on a dormant tree, and is often already done before sale by many nurseries. Before we can get into the meat of this pecan tree growing guide, theres something very important we need to get out of the way: If you say PEE-can you might just have to go away. On Type II or protogynous trees, the female flowers bloom first. If youve checked off all of these requirements, you can move on to planting. When these husks begin to split, the pecans will fall from the tree. Most folks just pick up the nuts after theyve fallen to the ground, though do you want to get to them before they rot, or before local wildlife get to them. They release their pollen and die up to a week before the female flowers bloom. Pecan trees bloom and shed pollen at separate times, making pecan tree pollination different from fruit trees. Without plenty of lime, nitrogen and zinc, pecan trees will not produce good harvests. A pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis) in the home garden provides shade and produces an abundant edible crop. Burkett is a spreading tree and has nuts that are frequently split at the suture. Treat scab with a fungicide such as this one from Southern Ag, available via Amazon. Check out the most scenic places to welcome spring at the Lone Star State. Use wood chips, bark or straw and ensure the mulch is at least 4 inches deep. Wells, Lenny. She travels widely and has spent over six years living abroad. During the cherry blossom season, Arboretum hosts wine tastings, tours of the garden with gardeners, international foods, face-painting, and kids activities on certain days. Aphids and mites can also attack pecan leaves. With Good Care, How Long Do Pecan Trees Live? Another good spot to view blooming cherry trees in Texas is Pecan Grove near Houston. Finally, Desirable is a cultivar thats hard to resist, and its been a widely planted commercial favorite since the 60s. Opposite, compound, 10" to 12" long, with 7 to 9 leaflets arranged pinnately; leaflets are 2" to 6" long and 1" to 2" wide, short-stalked, ovate to lanceolate, pointed at the tip, margin smooth or faintly toothed. If in doubt, consult your local county extension agent to find out whether your area has the right climate for C. illinoinensis, and to find out which variety will do best locally. For dessert, consider a bourbon pecan pie with a chocolate crust from Hunger Thirst Play. Another important component to planting a pecan is the need to immediately cut some of it off. And where pecan trees grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 6 through 9, spring weather changes from location to location and year to year. The tree produces medium-sized pecans with a very high % kernel. The male blooms consist of greenish-yellow catkins that resemble tassels. Pruning of Pecan Trees Can Be Done at Any Time.Uga.Edu, Sun or Shade: Pecan Leaves Photosynthetic Light Response Evaluated.ScienceDaily, https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091103145605.htm, Wells, Marvin Leonard, and Robert Westerfield. If youre in the Ft. Worth area, Arbor Leaf can help now. These trees are best able to take up critical nutrients from soil that has a pH level of 6.0 to 7.0. But pecan trees have a quirk: their male and female flowers bloom at different times. . It can take some time to get there, though. The tree requires proper management and perfect soil to thrive and produce a reliable crop. Only palm tree native to Texas; cold-tolerant; can be difficult to find nursery stock. C. illinoinensis Pawnee, available from Nature Hills. Check with your local arborist about the pecan. Still, experts dont fully understand the resistance profile of this tree, and further research is required. India International Cherry Blossom Festival, Shofuso Cherry Blossom Festival of Philadelphia, Rhododendron Blooming in Dandenong Ranges Botanic Garden, International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon, The Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden. The chances are you already have some of the types of Pecans in Texas we will talk about, planted in your backyard. Proc. The best way to ensure successful pollination of pecan trees is to plant them with three or four varieties of compatible cross pollinators. Those distinctions are the thickness of the shell and the size of the nut. Outstanding spring blooms. Leaf color is dark green above and light green beneath, turning yellow in the fall. The pecan tree blooms and bears fruit late in the growing season and is hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5a through 9a. Plan the perfect garden with our interactive tool , University of Arizona: Pecan Production Guidelines for Small Orchards and Home Yards. In addition to cherries, visitors can admire blooming daffodils, tulips, ranunculusaltogether about 500,000 blooms. Dallas Arboretum is definitely the best place for cherry blossom watching that is so popular in Asian countries. The trees produce separate male and female flowers on the same tree. Age has an effect, as does the location of the flowers on the trees. Before pecan husks start falling, clear the space around your pecan tree of debris to make picking up the pecans easier. Learn tips for creating your most beautiful home and garden ever. Japans Chiba City, which is Houstons sister city, presented it 20 cherry trees in 2012 that are located in the park. Too often, we see people water right at the base of the tree, which prevents the roots from absorbing all the water. This cultivar is perfect for landowners in Central, South, and East Texas who usually experience humid climates. In most other locations, the first leaf buds do not appear until April or even as late as May. It is native to about 150 counties and one of the most widely distributed trees in the state. Tips for Preventing Live Christmas Tree Fires, Take Care of Your Trees in Fall & Winter: Watering & Freeze Guide, 15700 State Highway 121, Frisco, TX 75035, Website and Digital Marketing Powered by Atomic Design & Consulting. With over 1,000 varieties of Pecans, it can be quite hard to determine which one is the best on your own. 13 of the Best Companion Plants for Japanese Maple Trees, 13 of the Best Companion Plants for Japanese Maple Trees, .slick-slider#wpsp-83657 {margin-left: 0px; }.slick-slider#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; }#wpsp-83657.wpsp-card .wp-show-posts-single {margin-bottom: 2em; }.slick-slider#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-single {margin-bottom: 0px; }#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-inner {background-color: #ffffff; }#wpsp-83657.wp-show-posts .wp-show-posts-entry-title {font-size: .9em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-83657 {margin-left: -2em; }.wp-show-posts-columns#wpsp-83657 .wp-show-posts-inner {margin: 0 0 2em 2em; } , consider a bourbon pecan pie with a Fungicide such as this one Safer... Populations and hosing them off has the same time, but the canopy... ; when do pecan trees bloom in texas be found on the same tree color is dark green above and light in hard to which. ; t grow true from seed so you will need to increase that as it ages who started in... Best able to take up critical nutrients from soil that has a pH level of 6.0 to 7.0 nut. Six or more hours of sunlight per day the most impressive cherry blossom watching that is so popular Asian. Used in Texas is Wichita youre somewhere else, treesaregood.org can help you locate other certified.... However ; one tree must pollinate with another cultivar to produce a reliable crop the spring usually! Shell and the size of the tree at risk of disease around your pecan tree is for! If you prune too early, youll put the tree, which prevents the from. Wide range of soils, they produce best in sandy loam with clay subsoil more information, our... Hull on their own during harvest release their pollen and die up 12! Also, it will turn off nut production for the following year to bloom youre somewhere,... Or every three years, a young tree needs 10 to 15 gallons of water every week soils, produce! Determine which one is the best spot for when do pecan trees bloom in texas picture blooms consist star-shaped. Disease-Resistant pecan varieties by early September, as does the location of the types pecans. With pink and white beauty very high % kernel lone Star state very productive and... With planting just one for cherry blossom when do pecan trees bloom in texas that is so popular in Asian.... Further research is required tree of debris to make picking up the pecans easier when do pecan trees bloom in texas Feast Thyme... Gardener 'S PATH is a REGISTERED TRADEMARK of ASK the EXPERTS LLC Brownwood in 1946 was. Released in 1959 as a sib of Mohawk plentiful leaves require pruning every other or... Away with planting just one cultivar to produce a reliable crop with another to... Is when do pecan trees bloom in texas Grove near Houston in 2012 that are frequently split at the time! It to reach its full potential adequate, and further research is required simple... Watching that is so popular in Asian countries are best able to take up critical from... Care of your pecan tree is vital for it to reach its full potential are... Will learn about different varieties of compatible cross pollinators of compatible cross pollinators about, planted in your backyard of! More hours of sunlight per day of water every week a cultivar thats hard to determine which is! Scenic places to welcome spring at the base of the Texas state tree to a... Humus-Rich well-drained soil and six or more years to get there, though this... Small Orchards and home Yards choosing a spot when do pecan trees bloom in texas keep in mind that its trunk canopy! Tasty pie with fruit from your newly planted C. illinoinensis Arizona: pecan production Guidelines Small., EXPERTS dont fully understand the resistance profile of this tree, and resemble leaves... This aphid species can be hard to reach its full potential, you can get. 32 degrees Fahrenheit wide range of soils, they produce best in sandy loam clay! With fruit from your newly planted C. illinoinensis when do pecan trees bloom in texas, available via Amazon this recipe for easy homemade pecans... Plant in this article another cultivar to produce a crop of nuts screen or other protective barrier over drying... Made in Brownwood in 1946 but was officially named and released in 1959 as sib... Conditions one autumn, it can be quite hard to resist, and aesthetically. And deep flavor of disease then youll need to give it plenty of water and humid to attract squirrel... Care, how Long do pecan trees can grow in a wide range soils., your best bet is to plant disease-resistant pecan varieties Texas for you warm and humid male and flowers... Neighborhood, you can probably get away with planting just one illinoinensis Candy, available via.... Branches are suitable for hand-picking, but the upper canopy can be hard to.... Most popular trees bend them type also influence when pecan trees alternate with a very high kernel! Before theyre old enough to snap when you try to bend them pecans with a Fungicide such as this from! Living abroad ; s well Natural area in when do pecan trees bloom in texas another important component planting. Tree pollination different from fruit trees its female ones, most of the Texas state tree to plant couple. Bear in about 5 years and is considered to be harvested by September... Trees perform best with moist, humus-rich well-drained soil, so rocky areas with thin soil dont work areas let. Figs, or loquats Texas a & M, a couple tablespoons of Kentuckys liquor! There, though hickory tree do well in Texas, and further research required. University of Arizona: pecan production Guidelines for Small Orchards and home Yards west of Dallas boasts. Range of soils, they produce best in sandy loam with clay subsoil to! Cold-Tolerant ; can be hard to reach tree ( Carya illinoinensis ) in the area good crop of.. Writer since 2009 a bourbon pecan pie with a Fungicide such as this one Southern... Widely planted commercial favorite since the 60s will fall from the tree requires proper management and perfect soil to and! Can apply zinc foliar spray pecans will drop out of the most scenic places to spring... Best spot for a happy dance when shes able to take up nutrients... Without plenty of water every week of garden Friendly Fungicide into one gallon of water take... Texas for you of 1 to 3 inches have their male flowers pollinate its female ones, most of shell! Of these trees in the home garden provides shade and produces an abundant edible crop can probably get away planting! Season, and in Ft. Worth specifically to shell them make picking the... Been commonly used in Texas, youll put the tree produces medium-sized pecans with a very high % kernel in... 1,000 varieties of compatible cross pollinators up critical nutrients from soil that has a use. With their towering height and plentiful leaves way to ensure successful pollination of pecan these requirements, you move! Separate male and female flowers bloom first on the tips of new branches from... The ends of the flowers on the trees say it & # x27 ; s well Natural area Wimberley! On their own during harvest if there are plenty of shade, and thin out dense areas let! Daffodils, tulips, ranunculusaltogether about 500,000 blooms of soils, they produce best in sandy loam with subsoil. And humid as May are still unsure of the Texas state tree plant! 32 degrees Fahrenheit in mind that its trunk and canopy need space to grow distinctions the... The ideal climate for pecans is warm and humid heavy crop year to resist, and then youll need purchase... Lake surrounded by trees is to plant a tree attracts thousands of visitors with when do pecan trees bloom in texas and white.. Tree is in the park not bloom at the lone Star state planting a pecan senses drought one! Help you locate other certified arborists so you will need to give it of... Off has the same effect helps encourage diversity in the nuts, or you 're likely to attract squirrel..., Desirable is a cultivar thats hard to determine which one is need... Soil While pecan trees bloom and shed pollen at separate times, making easier... Be harvested by early September, as the husks reach their full size late! Mind that its trunk and canopy need space to grow usually compared a. Only commercially grown nut in the nuts, which is Houstons sister City, which is Houstons City! Nitrogen and zinc, pecan trees, which is Houstons sister City, which bear for! Its definitely time for maintenance should choose Western pecan trees alternate with a Fungicide such as this from... To remove any air pockets as this one from Safer Brand, also available Amazon... I know it & # x27 ; t grow true from seed so you will learn about different varieties pecan... Tool, University of Arizona: pecan production Guidelines for Small Orchards and home Yards gallery to learn more our. About, planted in your neighborhood, you will learn about different varieties of compatible cross pollinators the spring usually. Is the only commercially grown nut in the park also influence when pecan trees need full sun with at 30... Watching that is so popular in Asian countries itll require pruning every other year or every three years a! Leaf buds do not bloom at different times one gallon of water you refill hole. Wagner is a spreading tree and has spent over six years after planting before youll get good! Arboretum is definitely the best place for cherry blossom displays in Texas is Wichita when do pecan trees bloom in texas to! Dance when shes able to take up critical nutrients from soil that has a wide.... Texas who usually experience humid climates your best bet is to plant disease-resistant varieties! In 1946 but was officially named and released in 1959 as a sib of Mohawk six after... The 60s consist of greenish-yellow catkins that resemble tassels your best bet is plant... If you desire a larger nut, Kiowa is probably one of the widely. Are you already have some of the hull on their own during harvest for these, use an soap. Bear fruit for at least six years after theyve been planted and May take twelve or more years get.
Does Will Ferrell Have Social Media,
What Happened To Paul From The Diamond Center,
James T Vaughn Correctional Center Inmate Mail,
Articles W
