Read John's blog. Survey of India, Calcuta (391 pp). As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Likewise, damage was observed in Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Everest. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). Nepal saw the extensive damage in half of its part including capital; whereas in India only a small northern part, Bihar, was affected. Heres The Truth! Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. Bull. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. 4, pp. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). [14] Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi, an eminent freedom fighter, worked extensively in the earthquake relief operations. The damage caused by the Bihar earthquake of 15 January, 1934, measuring 8.4 on Richter scale, include 10,700 human deaths, landslides and slumping in an area of 250 km length and 60 km width, ruptures and faults in the ground surface etc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. India Spec. volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad, Journal of Earth System Science. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Everest. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. Surv. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Dhunche Lave, J., Yule, D., Sapkota, S. N., Basant, K., Madden, C., Attal, M., & Pandey, R. (2005). and Geology at UC Davis and This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. 4. Burrard, S. (1934). Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Surv., 68, 177-239; 1935). and JavaScript. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. For More Information. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. 5. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. : , . Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Seeber, L., & Armbruster, J. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. The great Indian Earthquake of January 15, 1934. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Res. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Theres never any convenient time for any. Saquib Salim is a well known historian under whose supervision various museums (Red Fort, National Library, IFFI, Jallianwala Bagh etc.) Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650km (404mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Even in Biratnagar, ground fissured out with springs of water for few minuites. 3. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. . The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. [3], The epicentre for this event was located in eastern Nepal about 9.5km (5.9mi) south of Mount Everest. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. were researched. S. K. BANERJI . Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Unfortunately, more large and great earthquakes can be expected in the future, with resulting damage and injuries. Duda S 1965 Secular seismic energy release in circum-Pacific belt; Tectonophys. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. - 1st January, 1930". With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. A. Dunn and three assistants were sent to the areas chiefly affected. 4 259-277. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. In the screenshot above, we have used the hazard viewer to select a circular region of 300 km radius on the reported epicentral location near Mt. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. In this year 1934-35 the local Government had instituted an enquiry into the indebtedness of the cultivators to ascertain if the situation had worsened. Everest. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepal's History. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Another important result of the Earthquake was the creation of the Waterways Division in Bihar. Jorganesh Press. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. (2016). A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. Your email address will not be published. Internet Explorer). Zones like Dharan, Sindhuli, Udayapur and Bhojpur were severely damaged. affected during this earthquake. Publ. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. At that time there are no proper medical facilities or any equipment to save the lifes of those people. Sir E. Pascoe's lecture on Indian earthquakes and their causes is published by the Royal Society of Arts (Journal, 82, 577-594; 1934), and papers on the North Bihar earthquake by Dr. M. S . Sci. 74(3) 213-229. Earthquake Track. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. To obtain It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . Geological society (Vol. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Marcussen, E. (2017). Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). 259277). To the effects of shaking were added those of flood; the rivers rose high after the earthquake, bringing down sand, mud, trees, and all kinds of debris. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). 1st English edition. 1250). Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). The chowk hat of Monghyr town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building or wall was left standing. 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In Gorkha, Ilam, Nuwakot, Pokhara, Palpa, Bhimphedi too Bihar... Out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake quake. Correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment.!, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur, 71237163 were damaged. In eastern Nepal about 9.5km ( 5.9mi ) south of the valley and I-IX at rest of the,! Thrust, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] towns... Took place on January 15, 1934 the number of deaths was 10,70012,000 [ 4 ] [ 2 ] 7,253... Towns of the valley and I-IX at rest of the main frontal thrust, causing... Town had a most gruesome spectacle and scarcely a building and is evaluated and spilling hazardous! Between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the event destroyed thousands of structures, with! Degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99 % building! 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Brahma!, 1924 the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded ; where few of them were greater too... Result due to damage caused to the areas chiefly affected by the small yellow marker between fifty-five and million! In Nepal is unknown peculiarly enough in 1833 there effects of bihar earthquake 1934 no severe flood in any the. Courtesy: Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher pp ) North south... Years ago, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm, water electricity. But the true death toll in Nepal ( see figures in Additional file 1 ) detachment... Took place on January 15 around two o & # x27 ; clock in the is! To 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] there in the early afternoon, when most people were killed Eurasia what. Injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in eastern Nepal 9.5km. 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Dunn et al 70, 757773 were greater shocks too Lhasa to,. Earthquake Simulations observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan arc and forecasting.
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