Such dismissal has been based on the misconception and assumption that indigenous Bapedi . It is the foundation on which the morals of pre-colonial Africa were built. Understanding the contours of traditions as they are today consists of picturing both what they are and what they can be against the backdrop of what they once were. One of my favorite Ifa narratives acknowledges to Yoruba Muslims that climbing Mount Arafat was the most significant act of the hajj. . This creates fear and panic resulting in misleading assumptions about Africa. A porous border exists between the human realm and the sky, which belongs to the gods. An Ifa song warns those embarking on the pilgrimage to be pure and those who possess witchcraft not to embark on the pilgrimage. However, this was never a generally accepted idea. a. newly birthed babies. The reason is partly that they want a time when, Your email address will not be published. What is fascinating about this odu (Ifa text) is that it supports a key and cardinal principle of Ifa traditionthat we seek counsel first, before we perform divination (Imoram la nda ki a to da Ifa). Today as a minority tradition, indigenous African religions have suffered immensely from human rights abuses. Many foreign nations and organizations do send aid to African countries. d. politics, everyday life. Examples are mobile innovations such as Flutterwave, Sproxil, and Paystack. African Traditional Religion: An Examination of Terminologies Used for Describing the Indigenous Faith of African People, Using an Afrocentric Paradigm by Nana Osei Bonsu, B.Ed. The more modern incarnation of this ancient African religionVoodooemerged as a unique blend of Catholic and African magical and religious rites. Its almost as if pre-colonial Africa never existed. 2. Your email address will not be published. Furthermore the issue of whether ATR should be called in singular or plural is another issue causing problems in the study of african tradional religion. with Ibramic faiths tends to deprive the African Traditional Religion its true status as an independent religion . These oral sources are intricately interwoven into arts, political and social structure, and material culture. Through modern change these traditional religions cannot remain intact, but they are by no means extinct. The concerns for health, wealth, and procreation are very central to the core of African religions. Due to the centrality of ancestral tradition to the African lifeworld, death itself is a significant transition from the current life to the afterlife and marks a continuity in life for those living and those to come. South Africa, Tunisia, and Kenya rank among the top countries with the best health care system in Africa. That is why we have freewill, and regardless of whether we choose to acknowledge that a living God exists or not, and regardless of how we choose to worship Him, directly or through deities, we will all be eventually accountable. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, HARVARD DIVINITY SCHOOL So it is the responsibility of the religious leaders in these . In certain contexts and communities we have many documented instances of the central role of goddesses as founders of traditions, builders of kingdoms, and saviors and defenders of cities and civilizationsfor example, Moremi in Yorubaland, Nzinga in Angola, and Osun in West Africa. In modern-day Christianity, Pentecostalism has become a major force to reckon with, indicating a sharp growth by adapting to local [] Space constraints permit me to cite only one example. Also, about 30 % of the earths remaining mineral resources are in Africa. It is misleading to say "Africa" when speaking about a specific tribe, ethnic group, or country in Africa. Introduction. European theorists are important, and we need to know and understand them to engage in serious global cultural dialogue, but this does not mean that we should discard our traditions as noninterpretive traditions limited merely to ethnographic illustrations. On the continent early modernizers assumed that African religion was part of the problem of the antimodernity project and that uprooting African indigenous religion would auger well for the modern African state. Lets take the killing of twins as a case study. Although many African languages do not have a word for religion as such, it nevertheless accompanies the individual from long before his birth to long after his physical death. It is also the most diversified continent in the world. The Mursi religion is classified as Animism. Because it enables us to theorize questions of syncretism and hybridization and, more importantly, raises the issue of why African religion is flowering and spreading in the Americas, especially in the United States, while it is declining in Africaa phenomenon that we need to understand. For many Africans, religion is a way of life that can never be separated from the public sphere, but instead informs everything in traditional African society, including politics, art, marriage, health, diet, dress, economics, and death. Why is this important to our understanding of African indigenous religions? As with myths the world over, African mythology includes multiple, often contradictory, versions of the same event. Voodoo, however, is a dynamic religion with no standardized dogma. First, there is a supreme being who created the universe and every living and nonliving thing to be found within the universe. The terms 'traditional' and 'religion' (in its singular form) have each been targets of criticism. There are key developmental projects in some African countries that would not be possible without Foreign aids. The much-cited dictum by the doyen of African religious studies, the recently deceased John Mbiti, that Africans are notoriously religious still holds true (though I prefer to use the word deeply).1 While, officially, statistics suggest that African Christians and Muslims constitute about 80 percent of the total population, and African indigenous religion constitutes about 20 percent, these statistics do not reflect the truth of the African situation. Africa is host to the highest number of religious countries in the world, according to a recent Gallop poll. those misconceptions and misrepresentations of the facts pre sented by Eurocent . African dance occupies central place in cultures throughout the African continent, embodying energy and a graceful beauty flowing with rhythm. African traditional religious beliefs in East Africa. Africans who follow a traditional religion rely on no scriptures, canonical texts, or holy books to guide them. Therefore for these people, twins were treasures. A proper ongoing study of Ifa in West Africa would enable us to understand how one groupthe Yoruba of West Africaencounters transcendence and the sacred in practicing their tradition in ways radically different from Western constructions of religion. Some African countries even adopted the language of their colonial masters as the Lingua Franca. These leaders through greed and corruption ruin the image of their countries. Similar to other West African communities, the Yoruba did not reject Western modernity but challenged its claim to ontological and epistemological superiority. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Africa is the target of western stereotypes. Paperback. c. masculine, feminine. Continue with Recommended Cookies. 2. Benin Is Getting Back 26 Of Its Looted Artifacts from The Colonial Era. Whether it is being wrongly labelled voodoo, juju or witchcraft, indigenous African faith systems tend to be associated with darkness, animal and human sacrifices, violence and general backwardness. 5. The story of Mary Slessor and the killing of twins is popular. In the case of the Yoruba kings and their people, sacred kingship formed a sacred canopy that sheltered the followers of each of the three major traditionsIslam, Christianity, and African traditional religionforging bonds of community identity among followers of the different traditions. Based on the understanding that even in 21 st century Africa, religion plays a vital role in gender construction, for effective Sexuality is It is misleading to say Africa when speaking about a specific tribe, ethnic group, or country in Africa. Like Mbiti and Green, Magesa notes that the world of African Traditional Religion is a hierarchically ordered place where, God is seen as the Great ancestor, the first Founder and the Progenitor, the Giver of Life behind everything that exists. Even in areas of Zimbabwe with easy access to Western-type delivery care, the majority of women are cared for and delivered by traditional birth attendants who are members of their extended family. The problem is, this number is often collated for the whole of Africa, instead of each country of Africa. In my work, I consider civil religion in Nigeria as a central galvanizing feature that brings together different aspects of religious beingness under the banner of sacred kingship. The diversity of Native American religions could fill whole libraries with descriptions of belief, tales of lore, definitions, explanations, and insights into spiritual practices and ceremonies. Wherever the African is, there is his religion: he carries it to the fields where he is sowing seeds or harvesting a new crop; he takes it with him to the beer party or to attend a funeral ceremony;. The diviner, therefore, is also a counselor, psychologist, medicine man or woman, and the spiritual guardian of villages and towns. Given our current impending ecological crisis, indigenous African religions have a great deal to offer both African countries and the world at large. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade led to the growth of African-inspired traditions in the Americas such as Candombl in Brazil, Santera in Cuba, or Vodun in Hati. Absolute as Supreme, infinite and everlasting mind. It is a well-known fact that religion continues to play a central and vital role in the lives of African people. Myth: Slavery is a product of capitalism. African countries like Ghana, South Africa, and Kenya are among the fastest-growing economies in the world. For one thing, a sizable number of African myths deal with events considered to have actually happened as narrated by the people themselves or as reformulated into symbolic expressions of historical events. They are less concerned with doctrines and much more so with rituals . Once again, this is far from the truth. The most common African history begins with the colonial era. The Bambara and Malinke people of Mali believed that the primordial beings were twins. The stories of violence, kidnapping, religious and political war in Africa are so common. For example, James George Frazer (18541941) and Edward B. Tylor (18321917) classified indigenous religious practices of natives not as universally religious or generative of religious cultures but as forms of primitive religion or magic arising from the lower of three stages of human progress. Their many realities that Africans have not been . The absence of centralized and unified cosmologies indicates the multifaceted nature of African religious life and worldviews. On the other hand, countries like South Africa, Morocco, and Tunisia sometimes experience snowfalls. Please follow our Commentary Guidelines when engaging in discussion on this site. .title-desc-wrapper .post-title {display: none !important} Majority of countries on the continent are . Another crucial aspect to consider in the comparative study of African religions is the reality of the transfer of these religions across the Atlantic through the Middle Passage and transnational migration and cultural exchange. A primary goal of parenting is to transmit values, beliefs and ideas around lifestyles based on cultural knowledge of the adult tasks and competencies needed for appropriate functioning in society (Gershoff, 2002; Harrison, Wilson, Pine, Chon & Buriel, 1990). Africa is a continent that is made up of 54 countries, 1.3 billion inhabitants, more than 3000 ethnic groups, and 2100 unique languages. Religion creates a significant part of African life. Hence, the aforementioned rituals are the entry point not only for an understanding of African tradition and religions but also for the visible manifestations and essence of African religious traditions. Gradually, there was a shift from ATR to Christianity. African Cosmology. 9 years ago. African traditional medicine (ATM) has been used by African populations for the treatment of diseases long before the advent of orthodox medicine and continues to carry a part of the burden of health for the majority of the population. those misconceptions and misrepresentations of the facts presented by Eurocentric scholars. religions are considered: African Traditional Religions (ATRs) especially that which is found in sub-Saharan Africa, and Christianity, sometimes referred to under the umbrella of faith-based communities. It arose through a process of syncretism between several traditional religions of West and Central Africa and Roman Catholicism.There is no central authority in control of the religion and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Vodouists, Vodouisants, or Serviteurs. The orthodox Easternize it. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Narratives about the creation of the universe (cosmogony) and the nature and structure of the world (cosmology) provide a useful entry to understanding African religious life and worldviews. Ritual enables supernatural beings to bless individuals and the community with sustenance, prosperity, and fecundity.14 Rites of passage, such as initiation ceremonies, are rituals marking personal transitions recognized and celebrated by the community. Photo: Pinterest. In this postcolonial period, it has come to be established that there is what we may call . It is an accepted position that the African Initiated Churches (AICs) were formed as a result of the search for a unique African identity and culture. In his interview with the New York Times, the theologian said, The days are over when we will be carbon copies of European Christians, Europe and America westernized Christianity. 3. A common stereotype about Africa is that the continent is poverty-stricken, full of corruption, and always at war. Voodoo has no scripture or world authority. Required fields are marked *. In the primordial era, various forms of ethnic indigenous religions spread across the African continent, providing cohesive foundations of nations, peoples, and religious worldviews. Lilith Dorsey. on. What is the implication of indigenous hermeneutics for scholars today? Though many Africans have converted to Islam and Christianity, traditional religions still inform the social, economic, and political life in African societies. African traditional religion (ATRs) and spirituality have always been surrounded by negativity. Today, several myths are mixed with facts in describing African traditional religion. 15. So, why was it the negative stories about killing of twins that were promoted? They certainly represent interpretive traditions, and, when carefully studied, they form a solid foundation for theoretical frameworks used to study and decode these religions in our scholarship. Regardless of where they find themselves, most Africans will always hold onto some form of their tradition, culture, and religion. Here Are the Top Ten African Volunteer Programs, 9 Traditional African Music Instruments And Their Origin, 8 Traditional African Sports That Should Be In the Olympics, economic forecasts predict the rapid growth in the African Market, 10 Traditional African Hairstyles And Their Origin. 3. Earlier researchers and missionaries portrayed them often as primitive and barbaric and ridiculed them [I give many examples in my book: White Fathers in Colonial Central Africa - a Critical Examination of V.Y. However, the Efik people of Calabar were not the only ones who believed twin children were an abomination. Many centuries ago, Ifa must have envisaged the possibility of Boko Harams Islamic extremist movement ravaging Nigeria today. Myth #2. Without relevant knowledge, stereotypes are unavoidable. Every tribe and culture have their beliefs and way of life. Investors are moving to take advantage of the African market. When it comes to cryptocurrencies, African countries are leading as well. It was through this encounter that the Yoruba system of banking money in traditional pots kept underground in farms and forests began. African traditional religions are structured very differently from Western religions in that there is relatively little formal structure. Africans combine a belief in the existence of a omnipresent and omnipotent supreme god, with multitudes of subordinate deities. When Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code was released, it generated both curiosity and criticism for its portrayal of Christianity. 3. 4. . Here are some 10 myths about Africa and Africans that are either an exaggeration of the fact or based on misguided information. Manage Settings . So, while Africans easily adopt Western traditions, will the West also be willing to adopt African traditions? 4.8 out of 5 stars. Despite conversion to Islam or to Christianity, Africans continue to accommodate an indigenous worldview that occupies a vital space in the African consciousness. The ability of the Black community to call on the spirits and ways of its ancestors is crucial to its continu There is a common saying in Africa Dont forget where you come from. African scholars in the United States are paying increasing attention to African images in African American culture and religion.20 Some scholars, especially literary critics, now scout African American novels such as Toni Morrisons and Alice Walkers works, for glimpses of African traditions. The formation of African diasporic religions in the crucible of forced and voluntary migrations of Africans from the continent from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries led to the intermingling of African religions with Christianity and local cultures of the Transatlantic to form novel religious expressions. 12. John Mbiti, a prominent Christian theologian from Kenya who helped debunk entrenched ideas that traditional African religions were primitive, giving them equal weight with major . Check Out Marriage Customs From 10 African Tribes, 15 Tribes With Surprising Bridal Traditions In Africa, 12 Surprising African Countries That Allow Dual Citizenship By Marriage, Can Foreigners Buy Land In Ghana? During the era of Western religious and cultural encounters in Yorubaland, some children were named Oguntoyibo, signifying Ogun (god of war and iron) is as powerful as the European god. Some children received names such as Ifatoyinbo, Ifa is as powerful as the white mans god. Such names and concepts illustrate the force and creative resistance of indigenous thought and its ability to engage Western modernity in rigorous debate. Mursi girl in Ethiopia. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Gradually, many Africans began to buy the narrative. Truly opening my eyes on traditions, cultures and rituals that I did not know existed. Reclaim the Ancestral Traditions of African Religion! The reason for this is quite simply the misunderstanding of the relevance and foundation of the African tradition. African Traditional Religion is the traditional religion of the African people before the coming of Islam and Christianity. On the other hand, we now know from research and archival sources that, by their very nature, sources and records of missionaries, colonial administrators, and indigenous elites, which were preserved by colonial administrations, were equally susceptible to distortion and perforation, having been written from the angle of an invented modernity that the colonizer considered superior to the worldviews of local peoples. However, African traditional religion is resilient which explains its continued existence after so many years. Corrupt government officials also capitalize on the generosity of the westerners to the point of looking like a panhandler. Second, spirit beings occupy the next tier in the cosmology and constitute a pantheon of deities who often assist the supreme God in performing different functions. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. To each his own. Countries like Senegal, Mali, and Burkina Faso that are close to the Sahara desert have the Sahel climate. 7, The Spirits, in his, One must resist the structuralist temptation that views myths as static, unchanging, and simply the productions of a peoples imagination about the cosmic order. Traditional African religion has common themes such as a Creator or High God, positive ancestor influences as well as tricksters, and an afterlife with spirit worlds. Advocating for civil religion in a religiously pluralistic society does not require the erasure of conventional religious traditions. I suggest that, at the conceptual and theoretical levels, we begin to take this interpretive approach seriously. Yes, poverty is an issue in Africa. African religions do not rely on a single individual to be a religious leader, but rather depend on an entire community to make the religion work. Another generalization about Africa is that they are all corrupt. Every life stage is important in African religions, from birth and naming, to betrothal/marriage, elderhood, and eventually death. One could argue that colonization began with mental slavery. Indigenous traditions continue to define the African personality. Also, poverty is mostly concentrated among few nations in Africa or within few regions of each Nation. African Religion is not Ancestor Worship. This is based on misconceptions that these religions are antithetical to modernity. Introduction: Some Standard Misconceptions There have been widespread misconceptions about the African Traditional Religion (hereinafter ATR). Igbo religion is traditional according to Mbiti (1970), in the sense that it is rooted in their culture.It is received by oral authority by one generation and transmitted by the same process to subsequent generations and, thus, has effect of being widely diffused among its adherents and of deeply coloring their consciousness. As scholars of the comparative study of religions in Africa, we must begin to rethink the study of African religion in the twenty-first century in order to avoid the continuous mis-assessment of the resilience of indigenous traditions. Initially, Christian missionaries and propagators of Islam assumed that indigenous religion would eventually fizzle out, while Islam and Christianity would dominate the African religious scene. 2. When he heard that I came from Nigeria, he wanted to display his knowledge of Ocha tradition as a devotee of Oxhosi, God of Thunder in Afro-Brazilian heritage. African indigenous religions provide strong linkages between the life of humans and the world of the ancestors. This is the popular assumption amongst many African theologians of which Maluleke (1994) is one example. Courtesy Of Stevenson, Amsterdam/Cape Town/Johannesburg. It is incorrect to assume that conversion to Islam or to Christianity dealt a deathblow to indigenous traditions. In the lived experiences of the people, there has been much borrowing and interchange, particularly in those places that have a history of peaceful coexistence among diverse religious traditions, as is so among the Yoruba. Slowly, they projected ATR as barbaric and dehumanizing. Several African countries have good health care systems. Whatever it is, the assumption that Africa is lacking innovation is laughable. While some countries are hot most of the year, other countries experience different types of weather. In fact, the continent is the most diverse in the world. African spirituality more generallyand Nigerian spirituality in particularis shaped by how individuals in their daily existence make sense of their interactions with religious experience. For this reason, in many parts of Africa, the communal aspects of such rituals have been retained, due to their salience, while the circumcision practice has been dispensed with altogether, due to the health risks associated with it; this is the case among the Maasai in Kenya and in Somali culture, both in Djibouti and Somalia. When I was in Israel a few years ago, I stayed in a modest bed-and-breakfast inn near the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. African identity and culture are preserved in African Traditional Religion. Scholarship has since proved, however, that the tenacity of indigenous religion is evident in all spheres of African life. Traditional African religions are less of faith traditions and more of lived traditions. The battle between the African traditional religion and western civilization has been raging on for years. Most importantly, the rite itself should not be condemned together with circumcision or female genital mutilation. 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After so many years generallyand Nigerian spirituality in particularis shaped by how individuals in their daily existence make sense their! Africa, instead of each country of Africa, and Kenya rank among fastest-growing. Take advantage of the fact or based on misconceptions that these religions are antithetical modernity! Are all corrupt Sahara desert have the Sahel climate mans god indigenous worldview that occupies a vital space in world! Processed may be a unique blend of Catholic and African magical and religious rites Sahara desert have the Sahel.! Of my favorite Ifa narratives acknowledges to Yoruba Muslims that climbing Mount Arafat the! My name, email, and Kenya are among the fastest-growing economies in the existence of omnipresent!
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