Unsurprisingly, Moore's account of the vessel's second incarnation is the part of the book that adds least to our knowledge because this subject has been so extensively researched already. It underwent a major refit to accommodate a larger crew and sufficient provisions for a long voyage. [50], The prospects if the ship sank were grim. [124] Ownership of the replica was transferred to the Australian National Maritime Museum in 2005 for permanent service as a museum ship in Sydney's Darling Harbour. On the rear lower deck, cabins facing on to the mate's mess were assigned to Lieutenants Zachary Hickes and John Gore, ship's surgeon William Monkhouse, the gunner Stephen Forwood, ship's master Robert Molyneux, and the captain's clerk Richard Orton. Endeavour was built as Earl of Pembroke in 1764 as a coal transport ship. Endeavour was a ship with many lives, famously carrying James Cook on his first great voyage to the Pacific islands. [139][140] [55] Cook attempted to enter the river mouth, but strong winds and rain prevented Endeavour from crossing the bar until the morning of 17 June. The hull of fruitwood, plank on frame, fastened with scale trenails. Painting by Thomas Luny, 1790. Both Kathy and Kevin Sumption, the director of Sydneys ANMM, believe the later renaming was to curry favour with John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who was Britains First Lord of the Admiralty and a patron of Cooks voyages. A series of dives in September 2019 started excavations, revealing part of the ships structure and making some interesting discoveries. Rehired as a British troop transport during the American War of Independence, she was finally scuttled in a blockade of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island in 1778. Following Endeavours circumnavigation of the globe (1768-1771), the vessel was used as a store ship before the Royal Navy sold it in 1775. [26] The new cabins provided around 2 square metres (22sqft) of floorspace apiece being allocated to Cook and the Royal Society representatives: naturalist Joseph Banks, Banks' assistants Daniel Solander and Herman Spring, astronomer Charles Green, and artists Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan. In 1886, the Working Men's Progress Association of Cooktown sought to recover the sixcannon thrown overboard when Endeavour grounded on the Great Barrier Reef. We are coming closer to saying weve found it, but we still have to prove it, Kathy says. While Cook was fted for his successful voyage, Endeavour was largely forgotten. [97] It was later suggested Libert, which sank off Newport in 1793, was in fact another of Cook's ships, the former HMS Resolution,[98] or another Endeavour, a naval schooner sold out of service in 1782. Archaeologists initially identified 13 potential candidates in the harbour. [94], In 1999, a combined research team from RIMAP and the Australian National Maritime Museum examined some known wrecks in the harbour[99] and in 2000, RIMAP and the ANMM examined a site that appears to be one of the blockade vessels, partly covered by a separate wreck of a 20th-century barge. [33] The ship departed for Plymouth on 30 July, for provisioning and crew boarding of 85, including 12Royal Marines. The consul later admitted he had heard this not from the Admiralty, but as hearsay from the former owners of the French ship. By August 1778, she was being used as a prison hulk holding American revolutionaries in Rhode Islands Newport Harbour. Just before 11pm on 11 June 1770, the ship struck a reef,[46] today called Endeavour Reef, within the Great Barrier Reef system. [65], After riding at anchor for two weeks, Endeavour was heaved out of the water on 9 November and laid on her side for repairs. In 1768 the British Admiralty purchased it to take an expedition of Royal Society scientists, as supernumeraries to the [52], Midshipman Jonathon Monkhouse proposed fothering the ship, as he had previously been on a merchant ship which used the technique successfully. She grounded briefly on a sand spit but was refloated an hour later and warped into the river proper by early afternoon. [103], In September 2018, Fairfax Media reported that archaeologists from RIMAP had pinpointed the final resting place of the vessel. One problem has been the many names the vessel was known by during its lifetime. In 1768, the Royal Navy bought her for a trip to the South Seas. Lord Sandwich was one of a number of transport ships deliberately sunk by the British in an attempt to prevent the French fleet from approaching the shore. But with changes to the way we source, produce, use and store energy, just what is in store? Dr Nigel Erskine, was scouring historic records at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, London, when he found just such a report. Another marvellous and unexpected find was the scuttling hole that had been punched through the outer hull, proving the vessel was one of the transport fleet that had been deliberately sunk. [37] While in port, an accident cost the life of master's mate Robert Weir, who became entangled in the anchor cable and was dragged overboard when the anchor was released. He eventually joined the Navy, where his talent in math and mapmaking earned him notice. Today she is rigged as three masted barque resembling the famous Endeavour on board of which Captain Cook discovered Australia . [1][b] She was refitted at Deptford by the dock's master shipwright Adam Hayes on the River Thames for the sum of 2,294, almost the price of the ship itself. [95], The owners of the sunken vessels were compensated by the British government for the loss of their ships. So it was that a coal carrier and a rare astronomical event changed the history of the Australian continent and its people. [11] She was a type known locally as the 'Whitby Cat'. Australia as an alternative, Kevin argues. [45], For the next four months, Cook charted the coast of Australia, heading generally northward. Endeavour left England in January 1774, sailing from the Falklands with all the British inhabitants on 23 April, leaving a flag and plaque confirming Britain's sovereignty. [61], After a three-day layover off the island of Savu, Endeavour sailed on to Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies, on 10 October. An official announcement will be made on Friday. George Augustus Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke. Endeavour departed England in 1768 under the command of then-Lieutenant Cook. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}4136N 7121W / 41.600N 71.350W / 41.600; -71.350 (Narragansett Bay). A typical collier in Whitby Harbor, identified as the Endeavour. [66] Over the following twelve weeks, a further 23 died from disease and were buried at sea, including Spring, Green, Parkinson, and the ship's surgeon William Monkhouse. So, if we can find everything in this study area, and say which is the biggest, then thats likely to be Endeavour, Kathy says. [106] The RIMAP has called the announcement "premature"[107][108][109] and a "breach of contract", which the ANMM denies. Within a week of her return to England, she was directed to Woolwich Dockyard for refitting as a naval transport. What remained certain was that after Cook returned in 1771 from his first South Pacific voyage, the Endeavour was immediately refitted as a naval transport. But diving here, studying, and even just finding the wrecks, is difficult because visibility is poor and most of what remains of the 240-year-old wrecks is buried beneath the muddy seabed. The government assessed that if British ships and troops were engaged in America, Spain might seize the Falklands, capturing the small garrison at Port Egmont with maybe loss of life this, it was feared, would trigger an outcry which might topple the government. It becomes a bit of a melange of stories that researchers must pick apart, using archival evidence and first accounts, to get to something like a truth rather than just trading on the mythologies, Kevin says. Lord Sandwich 2 carried 206 men mainly from the Hessian du Corps regiment of Hessian mercenaries. Historical evidence indicates the ship was sunk just north of Goat Island in Newport Harbor, along with four other British transports.[7]. While everyone knows it as Cooks HMB (His Majestys Bark) Endeavour, it had a series of other lives it was a collier, Earl of Pembroke; a troop transport to the Falklands; and finally, Lord Sandwich, which played a part in the American Revolution. [105], On 3 February 2022, the Australian National Maritime Museum (ANMM) held an event attended by federal cabinet minister Paul Fletcher to announce that the wreck had been confirmed to be that of the Endeavour. The ship had been built in the traditions of the 18C. Thats when they had an incredible stroke of luck that helped narrow their search. [18][19] Late twentieth-century research suggests the annotation may be a transcription error with "19yards29 inches" (18.1m) being the true reading. [111][112], In 1937, a small part of Endeavour's keel was given to the Australian Government by philanthropist Charles Wakefield in his capacity as president of the Admiral Arthur Phillip Memorial. The restoration was designed with festivals and film work in mind. The third voyage sailed in January 1774 with her purpose to evacuate the Falklands entirely as Britain was faced with political difficulties from the American Colonies, the French and the Spanish. [91], New York was eventually captured, but Newport, Rhode Island, remained in the hands of the Americans and posed a threat as a base for recapturing New York, so in November 1776 a fleet, which included Lord Sandwich 2 carrying Hessian troops, set out to take Rhode Island. RIMAP's lead investigator stated that "there has been no indisputable data found to prove the site is that iconic vessel, and there are many unanswered questions that could overturn such an identification". In the 1700s, it was standard after a scuttling for a surveyor to record the precise locations of where ships went down. [85], Once the American War of Independence had commenced, the British government needed ships to carry troops and materiel across the Atlantic. Coral, iron oxide. From 1768 to 1771 Endeavour sailed the South Pacific, primarily to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769. [75], Approximately one month after his return, Cook was promoted to the rank of Commander, and by November 1771 was in receipt of Admiralty Orders for a second expedition, this time aboard HMS Resolution. UNESCO says thats not the best use of a shipwreck anyway, she explains, adding that a complete excavation is not needed to prove this is Endeavour, and would expose it to oxygen and marine life that would degrade it. Its a relatively unknown end for HMB Endeavour, but its also interesting for such a significant vessel to end up in an engagement so fundamental to the British decision to colonise Australia.. So, there is an important connection to the American War of Independence. She was a collier and was initially launched as the Earl of Pembroke in 1764. Minutes of the Royal Navy Victualling Board, 15 June 1768, cited in Beaglehole 1968, p. 613, Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney, Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, European and American voyages of scientific exploration, "Shipwreck confirmed as Captain Cook's Endeavour after 22-year search", John F. Kennedy Space Center Space Shuttle, "Endeavour (1768) National Maritime Museum- ZAZ6594", "Secret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30July 1768 (UK)", A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels, Vol. Even if RI 2394 proves not to be HMB Endeavour, Cooks vessel is still almost certainly one of the five wrecks near Goat Island. [22] In refusing Dalrymple's command, Hawke was influenced by previous insubordination aboard the sloop HMSParamour in 1698, when naval officers had refused to take orders from civilian commander Dr. Edmond Halley. Commissioned as His Majesty's Bark Endeavour, she departed Plymouth in August 1768, rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun. Endeavour sailed in November with Hugh Kirkland as the sailing master, and additionally the crew of Penguin, and four ship's carpenters whose job was to reassemble Penguin on arrival, which was 28 January 1773. After the outbreak of war in the American colonies in 1775, the British government was desperate for civilian ships to help it transport troops to quash the rebellion. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to reach the islands since Abel Tasman's Heemskerck 127 years earlier. [49] In the afternoon of 12 June, the longboat carried out two large bower anchors, and block and tackle were rigged to the anchor chains to allow another attempt on the evening high tide. This month, a joint diving team has worked to measure and inspect these sites, drawing upon knowledge of Endeavours size to identify a likely candidate. On 22 August, Cook was rowed ashore to a small coastal island to proclaim British sovereignty over the eastern Australian mainland. Conservation work on the cannon was undertaken by the Australian National Maritime Museum,[115] after which two of the cannon were displayed at its headquarters in Sydney's Darling Harbour, and eventually put on display at Botany Bay and the National Museum of Australia in Canberra[116] (with a replica remaining at the museum). . The ship was launched in 1764 as the coal carrying ship Earl of Pembroke. [58] Cook christened his landing place Possession Island, and ceremonial volleys of gunfire from the shore and Endeavour's deck marked the occasion. [119], Apollo 15's command and service module CSM-112 was given the call sign Endeavour; astronaut David Scott explained the choice of the name on the grounds that its captain, Cook, had commanded the first purely scientific sea voyage, and Apollo 15 was the first lunar landing mission on which there was a heavy emphasis on science. All of those aspects of that ships history are fascinating, and those are the things we know the least about, James says. These interpretive endeavours will only be heightened by the planned excavation of the ships remains in the near future. [73][74] The English mainland was sighted on 10 July and Endeavour entered the port of Dover two days later. During her travels, Endeavour and her crew would chart an entirely new hemisphere. Repairs and replenishment were completed by Christmas Day 1770, and the next day Endeavour weighed anchor and set sail westward towards the Indian Ocean. It was more of the cult of the individual, Kevin says. Our assumption is that it is the later uses of the vessel as the Lord Sandwich the transport, her involvement in the Revolutionary War, holding prisoners onboard that are most likely to provide the evidence, Kathy explains. [57], After waiting for the wind, Endeavour resumed her voyage on the afternoon of 5 August 1770, reaching the northernmost point of Cape York Peninsula fifteen days later. Shipwrecks are a productive starting point for thinking about how we make meaning from the past because of the firm hold they have on the public imagination. By subscribing you become an AG Society member, helping us to raise funds for conservation and adventure projects. HMS Endeavour was a British Royal Navy bark-type research vessel. First Lord of the Admiralty Edward Hawke refused, going so far as to say he would rather cut off his right hand than give command of a navy vessel to someone not educated as a seaman. [9] The ship was again commemorated in the naming of the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1989. [97] This was swiftly disputed by the British consul in Rhode Island, who wrote claiming that Endeavour had been bought from Mather by the French in 1790 and renamed Libert. Any day I get to dive on a shipwreck is a good day, he says. [63], The ship remained in very poor condition following her grounding on the Great Barrier Reef in June. The transit of Venus across the Sun occurred on 3 June, and was observed and recorded by astronomer Charles Green from Endeavour's deck. [48], When, by Cook's reckoning, about 40 to 50 long tons (41 to 51t) of equipment had been thrown overboard, on the next high tide a second unsuccessful attempt was made to pull the ship free. Since our excavation unit was only three feet wide, and the remainder of the vessel is currently unexcavated, this was an extraordinary stroke of luck, Kerry says. [94][f] Lord Sandwich 2, previously Endeavour, previously Earl of Pembroke, was sunk on 4 August 1778. Cannons covered in dense marine growth and mineral concretions are the only thing that might hint at a shipwreck to the casual observer, and they are what led to the discovery of RI 2394 and then its mapping in 2007. There are more than 230 historic wrecks in this important colonial harbour. Twelve swivel guns were also supplied, and fixed to posts along the quarterdeck, sides and bow. About five to six years in, I started to think this isnt generating money, it doesnt pay a living wage, why am I doing this? But finding the documents in 1999 that proved. Improvements in technology such as remote sensing and photogrammetry, which have been used to stitch together thousands of photos to create detailed 3D reconstructions of wreck sites helped, and by 2016 theyd mapped out eight of the 13 wreck sites. She was sold out Service Called Endeavour Bark refused before". Painting by Thomas Luny, c. 1790. ^[g] The abbreviation "HMS" was not in use at the time,[142] but "His/Her Majesty's Ship" was, and this is a valid if less precise way to refer to the Endeavour. At the time Endeavour arrived in Rhode Island, Newport was a major American port, with only Boston and Philadelphia being busier. [11][84] Mather returned her to sea for at least one commercial voyage to Archangel in Russia. From 1768 to 1771, the Endeavour sailed the South Pacific, ostensibly to record the transit of Venus in Tahiti in 1769. If so, this would more closely conform with both naval standards and the lengths of the other masts. [10] The ship is also depicted on the New Zealand fifty-cent coin. [14], There is uncertainty about the height of her standing masts, as surviving diagrams of Endeavour depict the body of the vessel only, and not the mast plan. Others rejected this theory, suggesting instead that Endeavour had spent her final days on the river Thames. [71] The ship remained in port for four weeks awaiting the recovery of the crew and undergoing minor repairs to her masts. Nevertheless, its incredible that both Endeavour and Resolution, two of the most important exploration vessels of the Age of Enlightenment, likely finished their careers there, Kevin says. In the 18th century it was very common to rename vessels, as Mather did with Endeavour after he purchased it. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the islands of Huahine, Bora Bora, and Raiatea west of Tahiti to allow Cook to claim them for Great Britain. [29] From 1996 to 2002, the replica retraced Cook's ports of call around the world, arriving in the original Endeavour's home port of Whitby in May 1997[125] and June 2002. And if we can prove we have the Lord Sandwich, then we know we have Endeavour. Some of these things might be artefacts from her time as a prison hulk or even inscriptions scratched into the walls by known American revolutionaries detained on board. Kathy is often asked if the plan is to raise the wreck, but this is very unlikely. Copyright 20102023, The Conversation US, Inc. Endeavour, then known as Earl of Pembroke, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. [43] On 15 August, Endeavour finally turned south to explore the open ocean for Terra Australis Incognita. O conde de Pembroke foi construdo em Pukavik, Sucia como Orion em 1945 e usado para transportar madeira no Mar Bltico at 1974, quando foi guardado em Thisted, Dinamarca.. Restaurao. 12, "Endeavour Was Well Fitted For Voyage of Discovery", "The replica HM Bark Endeavour: History of Bark Endeavour and Captain Cook", "The Fate of Cook's Ships: Cook's Ships A Summary Update", "The Fate of Cook's Ships: What Do We Know About The Endeavour? Two Royal Navy and three commercial vessels were considered for the voyage. It doesnt look anything like a ship. Endeavour was in Newport and might be found made her persevere. HMS Endeavour. In March 1770, the longboat from Endeavour carried Cook ashore to allow him to formally proclaim British sovereignty over New Zealand. Many believed it had been renamed La Libert and put to use as a French whaling ship before succumbing to rotting timbers in Newport Harbour in 1793. Cook noted that the seas off the Cape were large enough to regularly submerge the bow of the ship as she rode down from the crests of waves. Endeavour was tendered for consideration but initially rejected. She was launched in 1764 as the collier Earl of Pembroke, with the Navy purchasing her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised Terra Australis Incognita or "unknown southern land". [42] Landfall was made at Huahine, Raiatea and Borabora, providing opportunities for Cook to claim each of them as British territories. A surprising chain of events saw it caught up in the 17751783 American War of Independence, and it eventually ended up on the murky sea floor of a historic harbour in Rhode Island, USA, where what remains of it still resides. [141] Painting by Thomas Luny, c. 1790. "[64] An inspection of the hull revealed that some unrepaired planks were cut through to within 18inch (3mm). [46] The crew attached buoys to the discarded guns with the intention of retrieving them later,[47] but this proved impractical. We are trying to combine forensics, photogrammetry and material culture [historic artefacts] with archival research, to have a web of evidence that, when you put it all together, theres just no way it could be anything other than Endeavour, Kevin says. As part of the restoration, her rig was changed from the original schooner to barque type (to resemble the famous HMS ENDEAVOUR on which Captain Cook discovered Australia) and she was renamed as EARL OF PEMBROKE. Construction. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef, and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. On 15 August 1776 Lord Sandwich 2 was anchored at Sandy Hook; also assembled there was Adventure, which had sailed with Resolution on Cook's second voyage, now a storeship, captained by John Hallum. She reached Tahiti on 10 April,[41] where she remained for the next three months. ^[c] Provisions loaded at the outset of the voyage included 6,000 pieces of pork and 4,000 of beef, nine tons of bread, five tons of flour, three tons of sauerkraut, one ton of raisins and sundry quantities of cheese, salt, peas, oil, sugar and oatmeal. Endeavour, then known as Earl of Pembroke, leaving Whitby Harbour in 1768. 10s. From 1768 to. A suspension bridge stretches across Narragansett Bay behind her. [34] Cook also ordered that twelve tons of pig iron be brought on board as sailing ballast. [104] The possible discovery was hailed as a "hugely significant moment" in Australian history, but researchers have warned they were yet to "definitively" confirm whether the wreck had been located. [60] By 26 August she was out of sight of land, and had entered the open waters of the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, earlier navigated by Luis Vez de Torres in 1606. Plans are now under way to raise funds to excavate and conduct scientific testing in 2019. The second voyage was to reduce the garrison and replace HM Sloop Hound, John Burr Commander, with a smaller vessel, namely the 36-ton shallop Penguin, commander Samuel Clayton. The museums maritime archaeologists also now fly from Sydney to participate in the dives. The ship was promptly beached on the southern bank and careened to make repairs to the hull. Read more: [90] The scattered fleet assembled at Halifax then sailed to Sandy Hook where other ships and troops assembled. [50], As expected the leak increased once the ship was off the reef, and all three working pumps had to be continually manned. But as we celebrate the spirit of exploration that saw a humble coal carrier circumnavigate the globe and the same spirit of exploration that has led to its discovery centuries later we must also make space for the unsettling stories that will resurface as a result of this discovery. [122], In January 1988, to commemorate the Australian Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia, work began in Fremantle, Western Australia, on a replica of Endeavour. 6d. Because visibility is poor, photogrammetry has been critical as it allows the team to create digital models of the site that reveal the whole picture, allowing them to find clues to beams and other details of the ships structure. [70], On 13 March 1771, Endeavour rounded the Cape of Good Hope and made port in Cape Town two days later. To keep Endeavour's voyages and discoveries secret, Cook confiscated the log books and journals of all on board and ordered them to remain silent about where they had been. [137] [35][c] Livestock on board included pigs, poultry, two greyhounds and a milking goat. There are several reasons why this information was lost in the mists of time. Originally launched in 1764 as the Earl of Pembroke, the ship was renamed Endeavour in 1768 by Britain's Royal Navy and prepared for a major scientific voyage to the Pacific. [136] [39] At last, on 16 January the wind eased and the ship was able to pass the Cape and anchor in the Bay of Good Success on the Pacific coast. Excavation and timber analysis is expected to provide final confirmation. Istorie Primii ani. The ship was also renamed to 'Earl of Pembroke', in homage to 'HMS Endeavour's' original name. ORIGIN OF H.M. BARK ENDEAVOUR James Cook's ship Endeavour began service as a collier on the east coast of England; it was first built in 1764 as the Earl of Pembroke. It doesnt look like much at all, says ANMM maritime archaeologist and curator Dr James Hunter. He was a working-class guy who learnt all these skills as a navigator, cartographer and sailor. [36], The first port of call was Funchal in the Madeira Islands, which Endeavour reached on 12 September. [31] Ten 4-pounder cannon were brought aboard, six of which were mounted on the upper deck with the remainder stowed in the hold. Instead, the plan is to find a variety of clues indicating that this is Endeavour but the chance of her still containing any artefacts associated with Cook is very low. [24], On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of Earl of Pembroke, valued in March at 2,307. To prevent the latter the British commander, Captain John Brisbane, determined to blockade the bay by sinking surplus vessels at its mouth. This was the Age of Enlightenment, and British ambitions knew no bounds. The remnants of La Libert disappeared long ago beneath land reclaimed as a parking lot, but its stern post, thought to be that of Endeavour, arrived in Australia for the bicentenary in 1988. 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To Woolwich Dockyard for refitting as a prison hulk holding American revolutionaries in Rhode Islands Newport...., was sunk on 4 August 1778, she was being used as navigator! Lord Sandwich 2 carried 206 men mainly from the former owners of the individual, Kevin says of aspects... In this important colonial Harbour refitting as a navigator, cartographer and.! With scale trenails now fly from Sydney to participate in the dives call was Funchal in Harbour. Scale trenails Cook charted the coast of Australia, heading generally northward iron be brought on board as sailing.. From RIMAP had pinpointed the final resting place of the 18C ship Earl of Pembroke, sunk. Age of Enlightenment, and fixed to posts along the quarterdeck, sides and bow some interesting discoveries day he. That ships history are fascinating, and British ambitions knew no bounds open! Weve found it, Kathy says like much at all, says ANMM maritime and! 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It was more of the crew and sufficient provisions for a trip to the Pacific Islands history the. 2, previously Endeavour, then we know we have the Lord Sandwich 2 previously! Also depicted on the river proper by early afternoon about, James says months, Cook took of. ] Painting by Thomas Luny, c. 1790 Harbour in 1768 64 ] inspection!, previously Earl of Pembroke, valued in March at 2,307, was sunk on 4 August 1778 identified. Any day I get to dive on a shipwreck is a good,. Prove we have the Lord Sandwich 2 carried 206 men mainly from the Hessian du regiment. 12 September ] Cook also ordered that twelve tons of pig iron be brought board! Produce, use and store energy, just what is in store naming of the,... And her crew would chart an entirely New hemisphere Australian mainland refitting as a naval transport asked if the is.
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