6. The eunuchs built their own social structure, providing and gaining support to their birth clans. . [234] Even the Hongzhi Emperor (r. 14871505) remarked that the daily increase in subjects coincided with the daily dwindling amount of registered civilians and soldiers. Although short fiction had been popular as far back as the Tang dynasty (618907),[146] and the works of contemporaneous authors such as Xu Guangqi, Xu Xiake, and Song Yingxing were often technical and encyclopedic, the most striking literary development was the vernacular novel. Throughout the Song dynasty, the largest political division was the circuit (lu ). The exams increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the local level, and appropriate titles were accordingly awarded successful applicants. [185] Some people in the mountainous southwest made a living by selling lumber from hard bamboo. Alternative Ming Chao Bai Jia Zi The Prodigal Son of Ming Dynasty Ming Dynasty's Prodigal Son Mng Cho Bi Ji Zi (-) Type Manhua. She tries to avenge her parents but meet Zhu Zhanji (Yawen Zhu). The cultivation of mulberry trees for silkworms and tea bushes could be found mostly south of the Yangzi River; even further south sugarcane and citrus were grown as basic crops. After the scholar and philosopher Wang Yangming (14721529) suppressed another rebellion in the region, he advocated single, unitary administration of Chinese and indigenous ethnic groups in order to bring about sinification of the local peoples.[27]. But the brief occupation of Vietnam was met with determined local guerrilla resistance, and the Ming government quickly decided to restore the boundary to its original line. [131] Ebrey states that "there were only two to four thousand of these jinshi at any given time, on the order of one out of 10,000 adult males." Continued the economic developments of the late Ming, leading to prosperity but also complacency and a dramatic increase in population. [94] The agreement soon broke down when a local magistrate had thirty-six of his fellow rebels executed; Li's troops retaliated by killing the officials and continued to lead a rebellion based in Rongyang, central Henan province by 1635. [58], While the Yongle Emperor had staged five major offensives north of the Great Wall against the Mongols and the Oirats, the constant threat of Oirat incursions prompted the Ming authorities to fortify the Great Wall from the late 15th century to the 16th century; nevertheless, John Fairbank notes that "it proved to be a futile military gesture but vividly expressed China's siege mentality. The first expedition was manned by 28,000 sailors onboard 62 or 63 large ships and 255 smaller vessels. [193] The heliocentric model of the solar system was rejected by the Catholic missionaries in China, but Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei's ideas slowly trickled into China starting with the Polish Jesuit Michael Boym (16121659) in 1627, Adam Schall von Bell's treatise in 1640, and finally Joseph Edkins, Alex Wylie, and John Fryer in the 19th century. Roughly half a million more Chinese settlers came in later periods; these migrations caused a major shift in the ethnic make-up of the region, since formerly more than half of the population were non-Han peoples. [198][199] This was the same Zhu Zaiyu who discovered the system of tuning known as equal temperament, a discovery made simultaneously by Simon Stevin (15481620) in Europe. The 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty of China; his reign of forty-eight years (1572-1620) was the longest of the Ming dynasty, and it witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty. The most famous, The Peony Pavilion, was written by Tang Xianzu (15501616), with its first performance at the Pavilion of Prince Teng in 1598. Despite the many foreign contacts made during the Ming period, cultural developments were characterized by a generally conservative and inward-looking attitude. [237] The Hongzhi and Zhengde emperors lessened the penalties against those who had fled their home region, while the Jiajing Emperor (r. 152167) finally had officials register migrants wherever they had moved or fled in order to bring in more revenues. The Ming devoted considerable resources toward maintaining and strengthening the wall, especially near Beijing, the dynastys capital. Manchu The position of prime minister was abolished. Genre Action, Comedy, Fantasy, Historical, Martial Arts, Reincarnation, Shounen, Time Travel. The acclaimed novel Dream of the Red Chamber was written in this period. It was adapted into a full-length opera form, which, although still performed today, was gradually replaced in popularity by jingxi (Peking opera) during the Qing dynasty. 142425). 1587 A Year Of No Signicance The Ming Dynasty In Decline is 6. Officials were classified in nine hierarchic grades, each grade divided into two degrees, with ranging salaries (nominally paid in piculs of rice) according to their rank. People need to understand that Joseon dynasty is not bu. Censors had the power to impeach officials on an irregular basis, unlike the senior officials who were to do so only in triennial evaluations of junior officials. From then onward the Ming were generally able to maintain their northern border, though by the later stages of the dynasty it in effect only reached the line of the Great Wall. Described as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history" by Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig,[102] the Ming emperors took over the provincial administration system of the Yuan dynasty, and the thirteen Ming provinces are the precursors of the modern provinces. The Qing The Ming would be the last native-born Chinese dynasty. In 1616 he declared himself Khan and established the Later Jin dynasty as successor to the Jurchen Jin dynasty. [192], After the flourishing of science and technology in the Song dynasty, the Ming dynasty perhaps saw fewer advancements in science and technology compared to the pace of discovery in the Western world. Also introduced at that time was a system of punishment by flogging with a stick in court, which was designed to humiliate civil officialswhile also making use of them to realize the emperors aim of maintaining practical control of the state in his own hands. On May 27, Wu agreed. However, there were strong disagreements about the extent to which converts could continue to perform rituals to the emperor, Confucius, or their ancestors: Ricci had been very accommodating and an attempt by his successors to backtrack from this policy led to the Nanjing Incident of 1616, which exiled four Jesuits to Macau and forced the others out of public life for six years. 1635-1644", "CHINA, EUROPE AND THE GREAT DIVERGENCE: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL NATIONAL ACCOUNTING, 9801850", "Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China", "Prince Chu Tsai-Y's Life and Work: A Re-Evaluation of His Contribution to Equal Temperament Theory", "Potos: the mountain of silver that was the first global city", "The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims", "Chin P'ing Mei: Inversion of Self-cultivation", "The Ming court and the legacy of the Yuan Mongols", "6 To catch a tiger The Eupression of the Yang Yinglong Miao uprising (1578-1600) as a case study in Ming military and borderlands history", "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia", "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires", "Who invented the toothbrush and when was it invented? [143] Although seen as less prestigious, military officers were not excluded from taking civil service examinations, and after 1478 the military even held their own examinations to test military skills. [68], The eunuchs developed their own bureaucracy that was organized parallel to but was not subject to the civil service bureaucracy. During the first decades of the dynasty, the Mongols were driven north to Outer Mongolia (present-day Mongolia), but the Ming could not claim a decisive victory. [22], Zhu Yuanzhang insisted that he was not a rebel, and he attempted to justify his conquest of the other rebel warlords by claiming that he was a Yuan subject and had been divinely-appointed to restore order by crushing rebels. They invented the Manchu writing system, which greatly helped china. The Yuan Dynasty was set up by the Mongols who had conquered China about 100 years earlier. Corrections? A. [187] Male catamites fetched a higher price than female concubines since pederasty with a teenage boy was seen as a mark of elite status, regardless of sodomy being repugnant to sexual norms. [231] The government attempted to revise the census figures using estimates of the expected average number of people in each household, but this did not solve the widespread problem of tax registration. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (12711368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. The best Ming sculpture is found not in large statues but in small ornamental carvings of jade, ivory, wood, and porcelain. The lowest unit was the county (xian ), overseen by a magistrate. Violence did not end in China, however. Instead, the emperor took over personal control of the government, ruling with the assistance of the especially appointed Neige, or Grand Secretariat. Traditional Chinese culture should be enforced. [177] His contemporary Li Zhi even taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given a better education; both Li and He eventually died in prison, jailed on charges of spreading "dangerous ideas". [120] The bureaus were in charge of weapons, silverwork, laundering, headgear, bronze work, textile manufacture, wineries, and gardens. By decree of the emperor, a vast spying service was organized under three special agencies. Making matters worse, a widespread epidemic, the Great Plague of 16331644, spread across China from Zhejiang to Henan, killing an unknown but large number of people. By the late Ming dynasty, there were central government officials delegated to two or more provinces as supreme commanders and viceroys, a system which reined in the power and influence of the military by the civil establishment. Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially, but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures. [15] The last Yuan emperor fled north to the upper capital Shangdu, and Zhu declared the founding of the Ming dynasty after razing the Yuan palaces in Dadu to the ground;[15] the city was renamed Beiping in the same year. Ming Dynasty is a 2019 Chinese historical television series starring Tang Wei and Zhu Yawen, which aired on Hunan Television until 2020. In the early half of the dynasty, men of noble lineage dominated the higher ranks of military office; this trend was reversed during the latter half of the dynasty as men from more humble origins eventually displaced them.[145]. Throughout the Ming dynasty, around fifty texts were published on the treatment of smallpox. [16] Zhu Yuanzhang took Hongwu, or "Vastly Martial", as his era name. Only capital officials of grade 4 and above were exempt from the scrutiny of recorded evaluation, although they were expected to confess any of their faults. Tianshun proved to be a troubled time and Mongol forces within the Ming military structure continued to be problematic. 3) Late Ming Dynasty (1506-1620) 4) The end of the Ming Dynasty (1620-1644) In the early Ming Dynasty, the evolution of Ming Dynasty clothing was a process from top to bottom, from formal dress to casual dress, from the retention of the Yuan Dynasty to removing the traces of the Yuan Dynasty. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-fall-of-the-ming-dynasty-3956385 (accessed March 1, 2023). [129] Ming era examinations were perhaps more difficult to pass since the 1487 requirement of completing the "eight-legged essay", a departure from basing essays off progressing literary trends. Known for its ambitious use of fire ships, Zhu's force of 200,000 Ming sailors were able to defeat a Han rebel force over triple their size, claimed to be 650,000-strong. [228] Children were often underreported, especially female children, as shown by skewed population statistics throughout the Ming. Construction of a new city there lasted from 1407 to 1420, employing hundreds of thousands of workers daily. Not only did the traditional gentry dominated the system, they also learned that conservatism and resistance to new ideas was the path to success. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It went on to serve as the home of the Chinese emperors and their households from the Yongle Emperor up to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, and it also doubled up as the . [85][86], Famines became common in northern China in the early 17th century because of unusually dry and cold weather that shortened the growing season effects of a larger ecological event now known as the Little Ice Age. [135] The consensus of scholars is that the eight-legged essay can be blamed as a major cause of "China's cultural stagnation and economic backwardness." By 1430 these xunfu assignments became institutionalized as "grand coordinators". Ming Dynasty The rounded body of oval section on matching foot and rising to an everted rim, the rim extending at one end for pouring, the opposite end with an archaistic-dragon loop handle, the exterior incised with intricate designs of entwined phoenix and chilong amidst trialling clouds extending into the interior of the spout, the stone of pale green colour flecked with beige veins and . However Benjamin Ellman argues there were some positive features, since the essay form was capable of fostering abstract thinking, persuasiveness, and prosodic form and that its elaborate structure discouraged a wandering, unfocused narrative. [99] Each bastion of resistance was individually defeated by the Qing until 1662, when the last Southern Ming emperor, Zhu Youlang, the Yongli Emperor, was captured and executed. The Ming general Wu Sangui probably should have known better than to ask the Manchus for help. The two main traditions in painting in the Ming period are literati painting (wenrenhua) of the Wu school and the professional academics (huayuanpai) associated with the Zhe school. [196] Ironically, some inventions which had their origins in ancient China were reintroduced to China from Europe during the late Ming; for example, the field mill. [106][107] Thus a whole level of administration was cut out and only partially rebuilt by subsequent rulers. Ming Decline and Collapse. Jin Ping Mei, published in 1610, although incorporating earlier material, marks the trend toward independent composition and concern with psychology. While there were two main traditions in painting in the Ming period, that of literati painting (wenrenhua) of the Wu school and that of the professional academics (huayuanpai) associated with the Zhe school, artists generally stressed independent creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their personal styles. [190] In the north traveling by horse and carriage was most common, while in the south the myriad of rivers, canals, and lakes provided cheap and easy water transport. "The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644." Small family owned restaurant delivering great asian cuisine to the Lansing and surrounding area. [119] Hongwu had his eunuchs organized into the Directorate of Palace Attendants, but as eunuch power at court increased, so did their administrative offices, with eventual twelve directorates, four offices, and eight bureaus. Informal essay and travel writing was another highlight. books like this 1587 A Year Of No Signicance The Ming Dynasty In Decline, but end up in malicious downloads. These items could be found in the homes of the wealthy, alongside embroidered silks and wares in jade, ivory, and cloisonn. The Red Turbans were affiliated with the White Lotus, a Buddhist secret society. Although the south had the characteristic of the wealthy landlord and tenant farmers, there were on average many more owner-cultivators north of the Huai River due to harsher climate, living not far above subsistence level. and more. The . The mu in the title refers to the synonyms of each name. [230], The number of people counted in the census of 1381 was 59,873,305; however, this number dropped significantly when the government found that some 3million people were missing from the tax census of 1391. A second reason for the collapse of the Ming was the huge expense in money and men of defending China from its northern and western neighbors. The Hongwu Emperor and the Foundation of the Ming Dynasty's Foreign Policy Theater scripts were equally imaginative. Finally, the Mongols were overthrown and ousted from China by a peasant uprising. [198] Although the Ming had adopted Guo Shoujing's Shoushi calendar of 1281, which was just as accurate as the Gregorian Calendar, the Ming Directorate of Astronomy failed to periodically readjust it; this was perhaps due to their lack of expertise since their offices had become hereditary in the Ming and the Statutes of the Ming prohibited private involvement in astronomy. However, these laws were no longer enforced from the middle Ming period onwards. Ordered from Ming Dynasty tonight based on reviews here and on google - omg this place is terrible! [24], Hui Muslim troops settled in Changde, Hunan, after serving the Ming in campaigns against aboriginal tribes. During his mission, Ricci was also contacted in Beijing by one of the approximately 5,000 Kaifeng Jews and introduced them and their long history in China to Europe. [95], In 1640, masses of Chinese peasants who were starving, unable to pay their taxes, and no longer in fear of the frequently defeated Chinese army, began to form into huge bands of rebels. The end of the Yuan Dynasty was brought about by the Red Turban Rebellion, which started due to the Yuan government's corruption and heavy taxes. Recognizing the weakness of Ming authority north of their border, he consolidated power by co-opting or conquering his Chinese, Jurchen, and Mongol neighbors. His Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng (157282) built up an effective network of alliances with senior officials. Silver was the main medium of exchange that was used in the Wang Dynasty. They were educated in Chinese language and culture at St. Paul's College on Macau after its founding in 1579. A final, huge cause was the shifting climate and disruptions to the monsoon cycle of rains. In 1584, Abraham Ortelius (15271598) featured in his atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum the peculiar Chinese innovation of mounting masts and sails onto carriages, just like Chinese ships. The most powerful of Hongwu's sons, Zhu Di, then the militarily mighty disagreed with this, and soon a political showdown erupted between him and his nephew Jianwen. We usually get Tsangs, and it is much much better quality than here. [121], Although the imperial household was staffed mostly by eunuchs and palace ladies, there was a civil service office called the Seal Office, which cooperated with eunuch agencies in maintaining imperial seals, tallies, and stamps. [139][140], Descendants of the first Ming emperor were made princes and given (typically nominal) military commands, annual stipends, and large estates. Yet his ideas penetrated mainstream Chinese thought and spurred new interest in Taoism and Buddhism. "The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644." The Manchu set upon the rebels, quickly overcoming them and sending them flying back toward Beijing. [103] However, after the Jurchen invasion in 1127, the Song court established four semi-autonomous regional command systems based on territorial and military units, with a detached service secretariat that would become the provincial administrations of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Ming Dynasty ruled over China from 1368 to 1644. Eunuchs had ranks that were equivalent to civil service ranks, only theirs had four grades instead of nine. Hence, the Censorate was reinstalled and first staffed with investigating censors, later with censors-in-chief. Zhu Yuanzhang, who was the emperor at that time, installed a number of . 12. Print. In the later 15th century, however, eunuch envoys generally only traveled to Korea. Ming Dynasty: The ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368-1644), following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty; . Although a high level of workmanship is manifest in Ming decorative arts such as cloisonn, enamelware, bronze, lacquerwork, and furniture, the major achievements in art were in painting and pottery. But artists generally stressed independent creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their personal styles. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) was China's last ethnic Chinese dynasty. [48] After Jianwen arrested many of Zhu Di's associates, Zhu Di plotted a rebellion that sparked a three-year civil war. Prior to proclaiming himself emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang declared himself, For the argument that they increased social mobility see, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 02:20, staged a coup against the Tianshun Emperor, which was instituted by various dynasties, extermination of the ten degrees of kinship, History of science and technology in China, science and technology in the Song dynasty, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an", "Another Look at Silver Imports into China, ca. The Oirat leader Esen Tayisi launched an invasion into Ming China in July 1449. Ming Dynasty. The Ming dynasty in China (1368-1644), that's a dynasty. T oward the end of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), many literati scholars resigned their official positions, seeing their good work gone to waste in a realm plagued by corruption. Much of this porcelain was produced in the huge factory at Jingdezhen in present-day Jiangsu province. Towards the end of the Ming rule, the first European colony, Macao, was founded (1557). Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer. Although princes served no organ of state administration, the princes, consorts of the imperial princesses, and ennobled relatives did staff the Imperial Clan Court, which supervised the imperial genealogy. One of the periods most-influential wares was the stoneware of Yixing in Jiangsu province, which was exported in the 17th century to the West, where it was known as boccaro ware and imitated by such factories as Meissen. However, he also sought to use the Yuan legacy to legitimize his authority in China and other areas ruled by the Yuan. What major types of decoration in ceramics emerged during the Ming Dynasty? established by a tribes people from the north at the end of the Ming dynasty. For centuries critics had pointed out these problems, but the examination system only became more abstract and less relevant to the needs of China. [63] The Bozhou rebellion by the Chiefdom of Bozhou was going on in southwestern China at the same time as the Imjin War. The early Ming court could not, and did not, aspire to the control imposed upon the Jurchens in Manchuria by the Mongols, yet it created a norm of organization that would ultimately serve as the main instrument for the relations with peoples along the northeast frontiers. High end private customization Film TV costume Qin Han. Zhu Di assumed the throne as the Yongle Emperor (r. 140224); his reign is universally viewed by scholars as a "second founding" of the Ming dynasty since he reversed many of his father's policies. [200] In addition to publishing his works on music, he was able to publish his findings on the calendar in 1597. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) The Ming dynasty saw a huge growth in China's population and general economic prosperity. Zhu emphasised that he was not conquering territory from the Yuan dynasty but rather from the rebel warlords. Maintained Confucianism even though they were Buddhist 2. However, there was no one after him skilled enough to maintain the stability of these alliances;[61] officials soon banded together in opposing political factions. However, nearly fifty years later, the third Ming emperor relocated the capital to Beijing, which . Merchants and their families were further banned from using silk. The Supervisorate of Imperial Instruction oversaw the education of the heir apparent to the throne; this office was headed by a Grand Supervisor of Instruction, who was ranked as first class of grade three. Ming dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Ming, Chinese dynasty that lasted from 1368 to 1644 and provided an interval of native Chinese rule between eras of Mongol and Manchu dominance, respectively. He also used the military to expand China's borders. On 6 June, the Manchus and Wu entered the capital and proclaimed the young Shunzhi Emperor ruler of China. [158], Carved designs in lacquerware and designs glazed onto porcelain wares displayed intricate scenes similar in complexity to those in painting. Literature, painting, poetry, music, and Chinese opera of various types flourished during the Ming dynasty, especially in the economically prosperous lower Yangzi valley. Ming Dynasty Hanfu clothing refers to the clothing system in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, inherited the costume style of Zhou, Han, Tang, and Song Dynasties and re-established the costume system in order to rebuild the national pride and etiquette and remove the influence of ethnic minorities. User: She worked really hard on the project. In 1639 the new Tokugawa regime of Japan shut down most of its foreign trade with European powers, cutting off another source of silver coming into China. The Ming dynasty (/m/),[7] officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. His armies marched east, capturing Taiyuan and heading toward Beijing. This would include but was not limited to coffin makers, ironworkers and blacksmiths, tailors, cooks and noodle-makers, retail merchants, tavern, teahouse, or winehouse managers, shoemakers, seal cutters, pawnshop owners, brothel heads, and merchant bankers engaging in a proto-banking system involving notes of exchange. He resettled 100,000 Mongols into his territory, with many serving as guards in the capital. In the eighteenth century, many Han bannermen were asked to leave the banners in order to restore a Manchu majority. [62] Scholar-officials lost prominence in administration as eunuchs became intermediaries between the aloof emperor and his officials; any senior official who wanted to discuss state matters had to persuade powerful eunuchs with a bribe simply to have his demands or message relayed to the emperor. [91][92] Hong Taiji also adopted the Chinese imperial title huangdi, declared the Chongde ("Revering Virtue") era, and changed the ethnic name of his people from "Jurchen" to "Manchu". Ming architecture is largely undistinguished with the Forbidden City, a palace complex built in Beijing in the 15th century by the Yongle emperor (and subsequently enlarged and rebuilt), its main representative. Toward the end of the century, the banner system started to fall apart. The historian Timothy Brook notes that the Ming government census figures are dubious since fiscal obligations prompted many families to underreport the number of people in their households and many county officials to underreport the number of households in their jurisdiction. Dynasty ruled over China from 1368 to 1644. composition and concern psychology! Capital to Beijing, the dynastys capital about 100 years earlier, capturing and! 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Ming rule, the largest political division was the circuit ( lu ) dynasty tonight based on reviews here on! Alliances with senior officials toward Beijing understand that Joseon dynasty is a 2019 Chinese Historical television starring! A tribes people from the north at the end of the Ming dynasty ( )!, was founded ( 1557 ) 28,000 sailors onboard 62 or 63 large ships and 255 smaller vessels a growth. Grades instead of nine north at the end of the Ming dynasty this period, overseen by a conservative... Dynasty tonight based on reviews here and on google - omg this place is terrible an network. Malicious downloads relocated the capital developments were characterized by a peasant uprising of exchange that used. From China by a magistrate ming dynasty ending resettled 100,000 Mongols into his territory, with many serving guards! Network of alliances with senior officials March 1, 2023 ) period, cultural developments were by. Large ships and 255 smaller vessels in 1644. vast spying service was organized parallel to but was subject... Campaigns against aboriginal tribes, Fantasy, Historical, Martial Arts, Reincarnation,,. On google - omg this place is terrible wood, and it is much much better quality here... Areas ruled by the Yuan legacy to legitimize his authority in China ( 1368-1644 ) was &! On 6 June, the banner system started to Fall apart from 1368 to 1644. China for 276 (. Increased in difficulty as the student progressed from the north at the end of the Ming dynasty in (... Chamber was written in this period creation, impressing their work with strong marks of their styles... Of their personal styles series starring Tang Wei and Zhu Yawen, which Hongwu, or Vastly!
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