In many ways Longfellow may be read as a friend of American multiculturalism even if Hiawatha ultimately exocitizes Native peoples and their culture. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. On the advice of George Ticknor of Harvard, Longfellow decided to add German to French, Spanish, and Italian. What type of household did Longfellow grow up in? [87], On August 22, 1879, a female admirer traveled to Longfellow's house in Cambridge and, unaware to whom she was speaking, asked him: "Is this the house where Longfellow was born?" He's a visual artist and a political activist for the American Indian Movement. kbookmyer Plus. Fate, however, intervened to protect him from the bar. For advice, he gathered weekly evening sessions of his Dante Club of writer-scholarsamong them James Russell Lowell, who had succeeded Longfellow as Smith Professor; Charles Eliot Norton, who eventually published his own prose translation of Dantes masterpiece; and William Dean Howells. For later critics, however, the answer to Lowells question has often been a resounding Yes! In the atmosphere of disillusionment attending world warsand especially in Herbert S. Gormans disparaging 1926 biographyLongfellow became an easy scapegoat for everything judged wrong with Puritan, Victorian, Brahmin, genteel, sentimental, and racist evasions of the grim realities of life. It is not pride, but the madness of passion". thou art happy' 10. [119] In the last two decades of his life, he often received requests for autographs from strangers, which he always sent. was born at Portland, Maine, Feb. 27, 1807, and graduated at Bowdoin College, 1825. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - whose 200th birthday bicentennial is this month - has had four. [82] By 1868, Longfellow's annual income was over $48,000. [97] The death of his second wife Frances, as biographer Charles Calhoun wrote, deeply affected Longfellow personally but "seemed not to touch his poetry, at least directly". [78] He expressed his grief in the sonnet "The Cross of Snow" (1879) which he wrote 18 years later to commemorate her death:[43], Longfellow spent several years translating Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. In 1909, a statue of Longfellow was unveiled in Washington, DC, sculpted by William Couper. 10. Longfellow completed his writing on his 40th birthday. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was an American poet who used narrative poems to memorialize people and events in American history, including Paul Revere. As a memorial to their father, Longfellow's children donated land across Brattle Street and facing the family home to the City of Cambridge, which became Longfellow Park. But when Henry was a senior at Bowdoin College at 19, the college established a chair of modern languages. [97], Longfellow often used didacticism in his poetry, but he focused on it less in his later years. He told her that it was not. He sailed from New York to Le Havre in May 1826 and spent the next three years rambling through Europes cities and countrysides, absorbing impressions of cultures and places, living with families in Paris, Madrid, and Rome, and developing linguistic fluency. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on February 27, 1807 in Portland, to Stephen and Zilpah Longfellow. [89] He had been suffering from peritonitis. On July 9, 1861, Fanny Longfellow suffered fatal burns when the candle she was using to seal packets of her daughters curls ignited her dress; she died the next day. Corrections? "[113], Longfellow's early collections Voices of the Night and Ballads and Other Poems made him instantly popular. He spent much of his summers as a child at his grandfather Peleg's farm in Hiram, Maine. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, (born February 27, 1807, Portland, Massachusetts [now in Maine], U.S.died March 24, 1882, Cambridge, Massachusetts), the most popular American poet in the 19th century, known for such works as The Song of Hiawatha (1855) and Paul Reveres Ride (1863). He endured the pain for several days with the help of opium before he died surrounded by family on Friday, March 24. "[64], He and Fanny had six children: Charles Appleton (18441893), Ernest Wadsworth (18451921), Fanny (18471848), Alice Mary (18501928), Edith (18531915), and Anne Allegra (18551934). [13] He boarded with a clergyman for a time before rooming on the third floor[14] in 1823 of what is now known as Winthrop Hall. Its appeal to the public was immediate. Henry is an American . What is Longfellow's full name? Written in anapestic tetrameter meant to suggest the galloping of a horse, this folk ballad recalls a hero of the American Revolution and his famous midnight ride to warn the Americans about the impending British raid on Concord, Massachusetts. Many, especially Torquemada and The Saga of King Olaf, were surprisingly violent. Queen Victoria received Longfellow at Windsor Castle; the Prince of Wales invited him as a guest; and he visited with William Gladstone, John Russell, Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Voices of the Night. In Germany, Longfellow formed a close friendship with the poet Ferdinand Freiligrath, and in England he deepened an earlier acquaintance with Charles Dickens. In 1855, using Henry Rowe Schoolcrafts two books on the Indian tribes of North America as the base and the trochaic metrics of the Finnish epic Kalevala as his medium, he fashioned The Song of Hiawatha (1855). He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825 . Omissions? Longfellows translation, still respected for its linguistic appreciation and literary merit, appeared in an 1865-67 three-volume edition, although he completed the translation in spring 1864. The visitor then asked if he had died here. [30] During his years teaching at the college, he translated textbooks from French, Italian, and Spanish;[31] his first published book was a translation of the poetry of medieval Spanish poet Jorge Manrique in 1833. That ordeal touched his family directly in late 1862, when Charles Longfellow was wounded while fighting for the Union army; his father and brother made an anxious trip to Washington to escort him home. [96], As a very private man, Longfellow did not often add autobiographical elements to his poetry. These virtues made him sovereign of more hearts than any other poet of his generation. James Russell Lowell also traced Longfellows honored status to personal virtues in demanding of the irascibly jealous Poe, Does it make a man worse that his characters such / As to make his friends love him (as you think) too much? [21], Whatever the catalyst, Longfellow began his tour of Europe in May 1826 aboard the ship Cadmus. Lewiss first love was poetry, and it enabled him to write the prose for which he is remembered. Despite relatively tepid public response to this effort, Longfellow persevered with The Divine Tragedy (1871), in which he represented Christian hope through dramatization of Christs Passion and its effects on many characters drawn from the Bible. Many of Longfellows efforts now took dramatic form, although none proved suitable for staging. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth , D.C.L. jOKO* 1 iHliSUMtfililafill ,lill ^*'^ vO ,, ^ '" ^" A^ 0>' ^^ ''>.'^ ^'^ U. ,v .^^..o ^- .^^' - He also left a loving family and grateful readers who have continued to honor him by erecting statues and naming parks and schools for him, Evangeline, and Hiawatha. (Even The Birds of Killingworth was adapted from an English story.) Fanny is also credited with directly inspiring two poems that emerged from their wedding trip The Arsenal at Springfield, the peace poem she requested, and The Old Clock on the Stairs; both poems appeared in The Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems (1845; copyright 1846). [26] In Madrid, he spent time with Washington Irving and was particularly impressed by the author's work ethic. [18] He published nearly 40 minor poems between January 1824 and his graduation in 1825. Science History Images / Alamy Stock Photo, See All Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Common Core State Standards Text Exemplars, The Life and Poetry of Carolyn Marie Rodgers, with Nina Rodgers Gordon, Andrew Peart, and Srikanth Reddy, Morituri Salutamus: Poem for the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Class of 1825 in Bowdoin College, H. W. L. Dana, "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," in, Richard Dilworth Rust, "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," in, Gay Wilson Allen, "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," in his, William Charvat, "Longfellow" and "Longfellow's Income from His Writings, 1840-1852," in his, Robert A. Ferguson, "Longfellow's Political Fears: Civic Authority and the Role of the Artist in, Angus Fletcher, "Whitman and Longfellow: Two Types of the American Poet,", Dana Gioia, "Longfellow in the Aftermath of Modernism," in, Clarence Gohdes, "Longfellow and His Authorized British Publishers,", Eric L. Haralson, "Mars in Petticoats: Longfellow and Sentimental Masculinity,", Kenneth Hovey, "'A Psalm of Life' Reconsidered: The Dialogue of Western Literature and Monologue of Young America,", William Dean Howells, "The Art of Longfellow,", Kent P. Ljungquist, "The 'Little War' and Longfellow's Dilemma: New Documents in the Plagiarism Controversy of 1845,", Joseph Masheck, "Professor Longfellow and the Blacksmith,", Celia Millward and Cecelia Tichi, "Whatever Happened to, Norman Holmes Pearson, "Both Longfellows,", Richard Henry Stoddard, "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow," in. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator. The Tales of a Wayside Inn, modeled roughly on Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales and published in 1863, reveals his narrative gift. [85] Longfellow accepted an offer from Joshua Chamberlain to speak at his fiftieth reunion at Bowdoin College, despite his aversion to public speaking; he read the poem "Morituri Salutamus" so quietly that few could hear him. He also found himself overburdened with instructional tasksintroducing students to the rudiments of various languages and developing teaching materials he could use in classes to replace rote recitation of grammar with literary conversation and translation. Longfellow attended a dame school at the age of three and was enrolled by age six at the private Portland Academy. [61] They were soon married; Nathan Appleton bought the Craigie House as a wedding present, and Longfellow lived there for the rest of his life. 'Farewell! The Complete Works of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Paul Revere's Ride, The Song of Hiawatha, Evangeline, Christus: A Mystery, The Masque Of Pandora and More. "There are things of which I may not speak; There are dreams that cannot die; [84], During the 1860s, Longfellow supported abolitionism and especially hoped for reconciliation between the northern and southern states after the American Civil War. [57], The small collection Poems on Slavery was published in 1842 as Longfellow's first public support of abolitionism. Now that he had discovered his voice and his audience as a poet, Longfellow achieved personal happiness as well. The lady says she will not! Poems to integrate into your English Language Arts classroom. [91], Much of Longfellow's work is categorized as lyric poetry, but he experimented with many forms, including hexameter and free verse. concludes, interrogates conventional concepts of language, time, space, unified character . Maybe Longfellow exaggerated the heroic story of Paul Revere. His continuing concerns about the place of poetry in American culture emerged, however, in his 1832 review essay on a new edition of Sir Philip Sidneys A Defence of Poetry, in which Longfellow argued that the true glory of a nation consists not in the extent of its territory, the pomp of its forests, the majesty of its rivers, the height of its mountains, and the beauty of its sky; but in the extent of its mental power,the majesty of its intellect,the height and depth and purity of its moral nature. The world, he concluded with characteristic serenity, belongs to those who come the last, / They will find hope and strength as we have done.. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Born on February 27, 1807 in Portland, Maine, USA , United States. 1385 likes. Flashcards. John and Priscilla Alden's love story was popularized by The Courtship of Miles Standish, a narrative poem published by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John and Priscilla Alden's descendant, in 1858. [86] The next year, he declined an offer to be nominated for the Board of Overseers at Harvard "for reasons very conclusive to my own mind". [18], After graduating in 1825, Longfellow was offered a job as professor of modern languages at his alma mater. Solo or group recordings that are finished and fully available for listeners. [17], He pursued his literary goals by submitting poetry and prose to various newspapers and magazines, partly due to encouragement from Professor Thomas Cogswell Upham. Test. He graduated from Bowdoin College and became a professor there and, later, at Harvard College after studying in Europe. American poet and educator. Go forth to meet the shadowy Future, without fear, and with a manly heart. It is thine. He achieved a level of national and international prominence previously unequaled in the literary history of the United States and is one of the few American writers honored in the Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbeyin fact, he is believed to be the first as his bust was installed . Longfellow laid the groundwork for other authorial careers by persuading readers of the importance of art as well as by demonstrating how literature could be turned into a paying proposition in a country known for material ambition. When an eye injury that may have resulted from his intensive editing and translating efforts for the massive The Poets and Poetry of Europe (1845) interfered with his writing, she helped by reading aloud for him, copying out his poem drafts, and handling much of his correspondence. Learn more about narrative poetry here. In 1836 Longfellow returned to Harvard and settled in the famous Craigie House, which was later given to him as a wedding present when he remarried in 1843. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was a 19th century educationist and poet from America, who penned some of the most memorable poems in the history of American literature. In "Nature", for example, death is depicted as bedtime for a cranky child. Previous boarders included Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, and Joseph Emerson Worcester. For this work Longfellow drew on European sources, chiefly Hartmann von Aues Der Arme Heinrich (circa 1191). Although sales of individual later volumes never matched the popularity of his mid-career offerings, Longfellow lived to experience recognition and rewards seldom enjoyed by other writers. [44] The home was built in 1759 and was the headquarters of George Washington during the Siege of Boston beginning in July 1775. The book appeared in late October and was in its sixth edition by mid-January. Longfellow's popularity rapidly declined, beginning shortly after his death and into the 20th century, as academics focused attention on other poets such as Walt Whitman, Edwin Arlington Robinson, and Robert Frost. Returning to Maine in summer 1829, Longfellow as a young professor soon found himself immersed in the unpoetic routines of pedagogy. [73] Longfellow's youngest daughter Annie explained the story differently some 50 years later, claiming that there had been no candle or wax but that the fire had started from a self-lighting match that had fallen on the floor. After residing in Europe for four years to qualify for the Chair of Modern Languages in that College, he entered upon the duties of the same. She serves as a model of affection that hopes, and endures, and is patient. The crucial event of the story is the reunion that almost happens but fails, when Gabriels northward-bound boat passes at night by the one in which Evangeline and their priest are resting on their journey to his fathers new home. [34], On September 14, 1831, Longfellow married Mary Storer Potter, a childhood friend from Portland. The New-Yorker called him "one of the very few in our time who has successfully aimed in putting poetry to its best and sweetest uses". In 1872 Three Books of Song presented the second part of Tales of a Wayside Inn along with Judas Maccabeus and a group of translations. A translation of this work had been among his goals when teaching Dante at Harvard, and he had translated small parts of the poem in the early 1840s. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere" and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" exemplify this form. Flashcards. Two notable exceptions are dedicated to the death of members of his family. 4.3.1: The Pioneers (1823) is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [1807-1882] was probably the most influential American poet of the 19th Century. Wadsworth-Longfellow House, 487 Congress Street, Portland, was built by Longfellow's grandfather, General Pelage Wadsworth, in 1785-86. According to Charvat, by shrewd, aggressive, and intelligent management of the business of writing, he raised the commercial value of verse and thereby helped other American poets to get out of the garret. This collection consisted of narrative poems composed in a great variety of metric patterns. Why did Henry Wadsworth Longfellow write a Psalm of Life? [47] The bulk of Voices of the Night was translations, but he included nine original poems and seven poems that he had written as a teenager. [104], Toward the end of his life, contemporaries considered him as more of a children's poet,[130] as many of his readers were children. [76] His facial injuries led him to stop shaving, and he wore a beard from then on which became his trademark. The failure of its first publisher kept half the first edition of 1,200 copies from distribution, and the eventual readership of the book, American travelers in Europe, probably discovered Hyperion based on its authors later reputation rather than its inherent merits as prose fiction. He has been presented as a gentle, placid, poetic soul, an image perpetuated by his brother Samuel Longfellow who wrote an early biography which specifically emphasized these points. The first poem, Paul Reveres Ride, became a national favourite. In a word, we want a national literature altogether shaggy and unshorn, that shall shake the earth, like a herd of buffaloes thundering over the prairies. At college he was attracted especially to Sir Walter Scotts romances and Washington Irvings Sketch Book, and his verses appeared in national magazines. [148], "Henry Wadsworth" redirects here. From flurries to relentless storms, why snow makes American poetry American. [66] His literary income was increasing considerably; in 1840, he had made $219 from his work, but 1850 brought him $1,900. "[115], The rapidity with which American readers embraced Longfellow was unparalleled in publishing history in the United States;[116] by 1874, he was earning $3,000 per poem. In July 1843 he married Frances Appleton; her father presented the couple with Craigie House as his wedding gift. Today, Longfellow's face and words still appear on a variety of consumer goods. The poem was extensively reviewed, translated into German by Ferdinand Freiligrath in 1856, and set to music as well as featured in dramatic performances. The antislavery sentiments he expressed in Poems on Slavery that same year, however, lacked the humanity and power of John Greenleaf Whittiers denunciations on the same theme. Still committed to the native writers of the United States, he wrote a July 1837 review in praise of Hawthornes Twice-Told Tales (1837) even as he turned his own ambitions back toward the writing of poetry. Hiawatha introduces his tribe to agriculture through his encounter with the corn god Mondamin, to transportation by inventing the birch canoe, and to picture-writing. The same lesson might well have applied to the offspring of his imagination that he applied in A Shadow (1875) when wondering how his and Fannys children would fare in lives So full of beauty and so full of dread, however unpredictable. [136] Many of his works helped shape the American character and its legacy, particularly with the poem "Paul Revere's Ride". . Sweetness, gentleness, simplicity, and a romantic vision shaded by melancholy are the characteristic features of Longfellows poetry. Based on Chippewa (Ojibway) culture and traditions as represented by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and John Tanner, on John G. E. Heckewelders defense of Delaware culture, and on Longfellows acquaintance with an Ojibway chief who stayed at his house, the poem also drew on widespread literary and visual representations of the West to construct what Longfellow called his Indian Edda. Edda reflects the Scandinavian influences also evident in this poem, most remarkably in the unrhymed trochaic meter he borrowed from the Kalevala, a Finnish folk epic composed by Elias Lnrott. 35 posts Previous; 1; 2; 3; libraryanne Posts: 7686 Joined: August 25th, 2008, 10:49 pm Location: New England. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from Harvard in 1859. [131] A reviewer in 1848 accused Longfellow of creating a "goody two-shoes kind of literature slipshod, sentimental stories told in the style of the nursery, beginning in nothing and ending in nothing". Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born on 27 February 1807, the second child of eight born to Zilpah ne Wadsworth (1778-1851) and lawyer Stephen Longfellow (1775-1849) in the city of Portland, Maine. In turn, he received homage from practitioners of other arts: composers set many of his poems to music, and artists illustrated many of his scenes. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Wadsworth-Longfellow, Academy of American Poets - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, National Park Service - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Official Site of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Maine: An Encyclopedia - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Poetry Foundation - Biography of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Resuming friendship with Fanny and Mary Appleton and their brother Tom, Longfellow was crushed by Fannys rejection of his 1837 marriage proposal. Again, Longfellow coped with sorrow by plunging himself into literary workthis time of an intensely challenging sort. He began working on a dramatic poem about Puritan persecution of the Quakers, which was eventually included in one of the three New England Tragedies within Christus. 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