In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat & mouse game with the. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. This breach of the recently signed treaty is considered by modern historians to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again in 218BC in the Second Punic War. Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand; Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck, Deborah Gray White, Edward L. Ayers, Jess F. de la Teja, Robert D. Schulzinger. They went to war against Numidia, were defeated, and had to then pay that nation another war debt. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. [175][181], The Romans, panicked by these heavy defeats, appointed Quintus Fabius as dictator, with sole charge of the war effort. The Punic Wars and Expansion. [111] Carthage turned to the maritime offensive, inflicting another heavy naval defeat at the battle of Phintias and all but swept the Romans from the sea. [266] The Romans launched an assault on the walls; after confused fighting they broke into the city, but, lost in the dark, withdrew. [238], In 205BC Publius Scipio was given command of the legions in Sicily and allowed to enrol volunteers for his plan to end the war by an invasion of Africa. The first Punic war began with a dispute of . In such circumstances it was difficult to force a battle if the other commander was unwilling to fight. [270] In the spring of 146BC the Roman army managed to secure a foothold on the fortifications near the harbour. [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage-a powerful city- And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. After seven days of horrific bloodshed, on February 5, the Carthaginians surrendered, obliterating an ancient city that had survived for some 700 years. Hasdrubal[note 13] led the Carthaginian cavalry on the left wing and routed the Roman cavalry opposite, then swept around the rear of the Romans to attack the cavalry on the other wing. The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana What I learned: The Second Punic War is arguably the most famous of the three. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. |revered|"Obedience is revered. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. read more, Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italys Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Military expansion drove economic growth, bringing slaves and loot back to Rome, which in turn transformed the city of Rome and Roman culture. ~. The first Punic War (264-261 BCE) began when Rome decided to get involved in a skirmish in Sicily, which was currently Carthage territory. [245], The new peace treaty dictated by Rome stripped Carthage of all of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; an indemnity of 10,000 silver talents[note 15] was to be paid over 50 years; hostages were to be taken; Carthage was forbidden to possess war elephants and its fleet was restricted to 10 warships; it was prohibited from waging war outside Africa and in Africa only with Rome's express permission. There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 4] and 300 cavalry. [60] It would also normally carry a complement of 40 marines;[61] if battle was thought to be imminent this would be increased to as many as 120. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. In 242 Rome resumed operations at sea. [note 5] Many were from North Africa and these were frequently referred to as "Libyans". Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. Even though Rome had never had a navy before the First Punic War, they emerged in 241 BCE as masters of the sea and Carthage was a defeated city. Outcome - Rome takes Sicily , then Sardinia and Corsica . to prevent one person from having too much power. Answer: In the first Punic War, Carthaginian expansion into Sicily was reversed and they were forced out of Sicily. View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Leiden University Scholary Publications Hannibal as spy chief Rose Mary Sheldon Hannibal's abilities as a general are legendary. Both empires wanted to take control of Sicily and Corsica, the ideal trading spot in the entire Mediterranean. [206], During 216BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal,[207] initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215BC. What geographic feature protected Rome from an invasion from the north? How did the Greeks influence religion in Rome? In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. The Roman Senate stated they considered the preparation of this force an act of war and demanded Carthage cede Sardinia and Corsica and pay an additional 1,200-talent indemnity. Eventually, a herder found the boys and took them home. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. It lasted 23 years, until 241BC, when the Carthaginians were defeated. How did the Punic Wars affect the Romans? [117][124], The Treaty of Lutatius was agreed by which Carthage paid 3,200 talents of silver[note 10] in reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? [151], In 219BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum[note 12][140][152] and in spring 218BC Rome declared war on Carthage. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). New territories increased Rome's wealth, as Rome gained access to new resources. In 146BC the Romans stormed the city of Carthage, sacked it, slaughtered or enslaved most of its population, and completely demolished the city. At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. Rome was better disposed to protracted warfare all three times they went up against Carthage. Thank you! Later on the 1203 Words; 5 Pages . The First Punic War (264-241 BC) The First Punic War was a conflict between Rome and Carthage. The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. What was one way the consuls were prevented from having too much power? [281] A century later, the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar; it became one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the Empire. [213], Carthage sent more reinforcements to Sicily in 211BC and went on the offensive. The Romans objected to this attack and demanded that Carthage deliver Hannibal to Rome. The Romans forced them to leave Sicily, return all captured Romans, pay a huge amount of money, and keep their quinqueremes out of Roman waters. [73] They then pressed Syracuse, the only significant independent power on the island, into allying with them[74] and laid siege to Carthage's main base at Akragas on the south coast. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. They are known as the Punic Wars because the Latin term for Carthaginian was Punici (older Poenici, from their Phoenician ancestry). First, the amount of casualties in numerous wars, such as the Punic Wars in which 300,000 were estimated to have died, negatively impacted the number of Roman farmers. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. This was a long war, beginning in 264 BC and not ending until 241 BC. [192] Toni aco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. [203] By early 215BC they were fielding at least 12 legions; by 214BC, 18; and by 213BC, 22. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. The First Punic War: 264-241 BCE; The Second Punic War: 218-201 BCE; The Third Punic War: 149-146 BCE. Campaigns of the Second Punic WarYassineMrabet (GNU FDL). [255] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region, notably Greece, its relations with Rome were historically friendly, and the cities had signed several treaties defining trading rights over the years. [120], The Romans rebuilt their fleet again in 243BC after the Senate approached Rome's wealthiest citizens for loans to finance the construction of one ship each, repayable from the reparations to be imposed on Carthage once the war was won. [229][231] Even so, many of them later fought against the Romans. His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. 1,200 talents was approximately 30,000kg (30 long tons) of silver. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. Hannibal kept his oath and devoted his life to defeating Rome. Since the 19th-century read more, As the first Roman emperor (though he never claimed the title for himself), Augustus led Romes transformation from republic to empire during the tumultuous years following the assassination of his great-uncle and adoptive father Julius Caesar. [219], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. But wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. The Romans certainly took this view and demanded Hannibals surrender. The strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily were the focus of the First Punic War. At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily became Romes first overseas province. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. The Romans now directed their efforts once more against Sicily. License. This aggression provoked war with Carthage and Syracuse. Both allowed for the easier movement of troops. Over the next decades, Rome took over control of both Corsica and Sardinia as well, but Carthage was able to establish a new base of influence in Spain beginning in 237 B.C., under the leadership of the powerful general Hamilcar Barca and, later, his son-in-law Hasdrubal. [68], All warships were equipped with rams, a triple set of 60-centimetre-wide (2ft) bronze blades weighing up to 270 kilograms (600lb) positioned at the waterline. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. and ending in Roman . Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. - Rome won each of the Punic Wars and gained control over the western Mediterranean. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. For the full article, see, The interval between the First and Second Punic Wars (241218, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Punic-Wars, The western Mediterranean during the Punic Wars. [77][78] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had usually relied on small squadrons provided by their Latin or Greek allies. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned campaign for the year: an invasion of Africa. Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [254] Masinissa's seizures of and raids into Carthaginian territory became increasingly flagrant. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. [94] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, losing most of its ships and more than 100,000 men. [36][37] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. [157] In Cisalpine Gaul (modern northern Italy), the major Gallic tribes attacked the Roman colonies there, causing the Roman settlers to flee to their previously-established colony of Mutina (modern Modena), where they were besieged. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. If you were the subject of the flyer given, how would you feel? - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. [2][8] The modern historian Andrew Curry sees Polybius as being "fairly reliable";[9] Craige Champion describes him as "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian". A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. They ordered him to give up his military and return to Rome. A cavalry force of 4,000 from the other Roman army was also engaged and wiped out. Why are the Punic wars seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development? The territory and allies of Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the Second Punic War. [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. The nearly 20-year conflict pitted Rome against Carthage and became a turning point in Roman history. [225] This strategy resulted in two separate battles in 211BC, usually referred to jointly as the battle of the Upper Baetis. The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. The Punic Wars provided Rome with the training, the navy, and the wealth to expand from a small city to an empire which would rule the known world. The Carthaginian council upheld Hannibals action and drew upon itself a declaration of war. Hannibals daring elephantine invasion of Rome reached its height at the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C., where he used his superior cavalry to surround a Roman army twice the size of his own and inflict massive casualties. exhaustive study of the effects of the Punic wars, investigating all the remote and proximate conditions and traci the development of the various changes into imperial times, would fill volumes. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E. The elephants routed through the Carthaginian infantry, who were then charged by the Roman infantry to complete their defeat. Carthage expanded into Spain because of its loss of Sicily. This victory had significant repercussions on Roman politics and society. Cite This Work Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. Why did some Romans attempt to reform the government? [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. It was the long-standing Roman procedure to elect two men each year as senior magistrates, known as consuls, who at time of war would each lead an army. Students are asked to write a Letter to the Editor that includes causes and effects of all 3 wars, direct effects on the Carthaginians, and time order. [175][176], In early spring 217BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE, Hannibal placed his Gauls in the center of his lines, expecting they would give way before the Roman forces. [140][141][142], With the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base if it were to again confront Rome. Which statement provides evidence that Rome was a male-dominated society? Does knowing a foreign language help you get into college? Roman families prayed around shrines at home each day. [250] Scipio was awarded a triumph and received the agnomen "Africanus". Even so, they lacked the expertise at sea of the Carthaginians and, more importantly, were lacking a general with the skill of the Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca (l. 275-228 BCE). Marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants through the Carthaginian formation collapsed ; Hannibal was of. Carthage fought in the spring of 146BC the Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians defeated. Formation collapsed ; Hannibal was caught in southern Italy in a cat & mouse game with.... 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