American Airlines 1420 was not the first flight for the captain Richard Buschmann and the first officer Michael Origel that day (Cockpit Voice Recorder Database par. [6] He had recently decreased his flying schedule because of the chief pilot duties and did not maintain a full flight schedule.[7]. The Defendant also *873 contends that whether the Court applies Arkansas or Texas substantive punitive damages law, summary judgment in its favor is required. The aircraft's radar depicted precipitation as green, yellow or red, depending on intensity, with red being the most intense. Only the flight crew's decision to continue its approach into LIT starting at 2334 and its conduct thereafter should be considered in determining if the crew acted with the required recklessness or egregiousness sufficient to support the imposition of punitive damages under Arkansas law. Captain Richard W. Rick Buschmann was born July 2, 1950, in Amityville, New York. The scheduled departure time was 2028, with a scheduled arrival time of 2141. While a plain reading of factor (4) limits a court's consideration to only the forum's interest, courts have also considered a nonforum's interest where appropriate. At 2308 Mr. Trott received a message from Flight 1420 advising that FAA Air Traffic Control had rerouted the flight, thus adding approximately five minutes to the flight time. The Court notes that by 2334 Flight 1420 had reached Arkansas air space. They had a stabilized approach. Arguably, the Texas cap appears to unreasonably limit punitive damages in the context of the number of individuals killed and injured in this particular crash, the dollar amount of the various judgments and settlements on the compensatory damages claims, as well as the corporate size and resources of the Defendant. weather and on whether fatigue clouded the crew's judgment. No. The captain, a management-level chief pilot who flew only once a week to maintain his flight rating, and eight passengers were killed when American Flight 1420 crash-landed late Tuesday and . Family members linked to this person will appear here. Buschmann, 48, a 20-year veteran at American who had logged more than 10,000 hours of flying time, maintained his professionalism despite the deteriorating weather conditions, Origel said. Factor (4) instructs the Court to consider the forum's interest in having its laws applied to the punitive damages issue. *876 Factor (5) instructs the Court to consider the better rule of law. The parties stipulate that factors (1), (2) and (3) bear no relevance to the punitive damages issue, and the Court agrees. The Flight Data Recorder shows reverse thrust levels of between 1.5 and 2.0 EPR. Blood from his captain, Richard Buschmann, soaked the dashboard. An NTSB report also cited the pilots' 14-hour workday and the stress of trying to land in severe weather. The flight's First Officer was Michael Origel, age 35. Captain Jeffrey Buschmann assumed command of Nimitz Warfare Analysis Center in March 2021. Buschmann is heard on the cockpit recording saying, "This is & Rem.Code Ann. Get free summaries of new Eastern District of Arkansas U.S. Federal District Court opinions delivered to your inbox! You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. Civ. See Southeastern Aviation, Inc. v. Hurd, 209 Tenn. 639, 355 S.W.2d 436 (1962) (noting in overturning a punitive damages award that the flight crew's own lives were at stake and they evidently expected to make a safe landing). Furthermore, Arkansas's punitive damages respondeat superior rule, coupled with the requirement of proof of malice or of conduct from which malice can be inferred, provides sufficient protection to an employer. First Officer Origel testified that Flight 1420 was not properly configured for landing at said altitude. [24] As a threshold matter, the Court rejects the Plaintiffs' contention that the Court need not apply the Arkansas choice of law methodology because, they argue, Arkansas statutory law mandates that Arkansas substantive law applies to the crash. The Defendant, in contending that both the cap and the vice principal rule should apply to this case, argues that Texas has a "superior interest in protecting its businesses and their employees from excessive financial liability for punitive damages, especially when the business' liability is based on respondeat superior.". Furthermore, at 2350:13.75 and 2350:15.16 Flight 1420's automated Ground Proximity Warning System broadcast "sink rate" warnings, indicating that the aircraft was descending at an excessive rate. See Lambert v. City of Dumas, 187 F.3d 931, 934 (8th Cir.1999). He hired on with American in July 1979. See id. Wind shears, dangerous shifts in wind speed and direction, are major hazards to aircraft. Captain Buschmann signed the flight plan, thereby acknowledging the weather conditions. Learn more about merges. Flight 1420 was commanded by Captain Richard Buschmann, age 48, a very experienced chief pilot with 10,234 total flight hours, of which approximately half were accumulated flying the MD-80 series of aircraft. Use the links under See more to quickly search for other people with the same last name in the same cemetery, city, county, etc. First Officer Origel informed Captain Buschmann that 3000 feet was above the minimum visibility needed, and that everything was "fine." Arkansas has numerous connections to the circumstances of the crash and the punitive damages issue. [5] In January 1999 he was selected as one of the chief pilots at Defendant's Chicago crew base. At 2344:30 First Officer Origel radioed the Controller that the flight crew had lost visual contact. A similar punitive damages cap proposal was rejected by the Arkansas legislature in 1999. The airport says Buschmann's decision to land the MD-82 jet amid wind, lightning and hail cost him his life and that it could not be held responsible. He requested the wind information again. thunderstorm just northwest of the airport moving through the ", The Defendant's internal procedures prohibit a pilot from flying into an area producing a red radar return. The Defendant's Flight Manual, dated April 7, 1999, provides the following as regards wind landing limits: The reported gusts speeds the Controller relayed to the flight crew exceeded the Defendant's own authorized limits. If he wasn't in the air doing his job as a pilot or in the waters of Lake Michigan boating, Richard Buschmann was on land, at home in Naperville with his wife and children. The aircraft was destroyed. In response, between 2350:08.9 and 2350:19.3 First Officer Origel made deviation callouts and Captain Buschmann attempted to realign the aircraft with the runway. Your Scrapbook is currently empty. It is at this point that the Defendant's Vice President of Flight testified that if he had been the pilot he would have discontinued the approach.[29]. He had obtained his flight dispatch certificate in 1989, and had worked for the Defendant since 1996. The Defendant's employees' conduct that could potentially support a punitive damages award all occurred in Arkansas air space. Nine people,. 2d 916 (E.D.Ark.2000); Maddox v. American Airlines, Inc.,115 F. Supp. Witnesses will On the contrary, the uncontroverted evidence establishes that, until after the aircraft was on the runway, the pilots in good faith believed that the aircraft could be landed safely. In response Captain Buschmann stated to add 20 knots to the approach speed, pursuant to the Defendant's *866 operating manual as to how to approach in gusting winds. He. That's my that's my answer. The Court also notes that there is no evidence that Flight 1420 was operating at an excessive rate of speed in an effort to "beat the storm." The Court recognizes that the punitive damages issue comes before it as part of a MDL that has consolidated various diversity cases filed not exclusively in Arkansas. [5] Check airmen, designated by an air carrier with approval from the Federal Aviation Administration, examine other airmen to determine their proficiency with respect to procedures, techniques and general competence. Please check your email and click on the link to activate your account. He had flown 411 hours in the twelve-month period preceding the accident. The Defendant is entitled to a grant of partial summary judgment on the punitive damages issue. He had flown American's Boeing 727s until he began flying the twin-engined MD-80 in 1991. Captain Richard W. "Rick" Buschmann was born July 2, 1950, in Amityville, New York. The Defendant's activities in Arkansas that could potentially give rise to punitive damages were not by chance; the Defendant had operated flights into and out of Arkansas and had employees based there. In ruling on the issues raised in the instant motion, the Court has considered the entire summary judgment record, and in particular the following: In addition the Court also reviewed the transcripts of four in-court hearings conducted by Judge Henry Woods on January 31, 2000, June 1, 2000, August 1, 2000, and December 11, 2000.[1]. 1989); Korean Air Lines Disaster of September 1, 1983, 932 F.2d 1475 (D.C.Cir.1991); In re Air Disaster Lockerbie, Scotland on December 21, 1988, 928 F.2d 1267 (2d Cir.1991). Eight passengers died in the crash or immediately afterward, including residents of Havana (Yell County), Russellville (Pope County), and Paragould (Greene County). The flight crew indicated that it would not attempt a visual approach, but an instrument approach. Are you sure that you want to delete this photo? Captain Paul Railsback, Defendant's Managing Director of Flight Operations, testified that the flight crew could have aborted the approach as late as immediately prior to touchdown. Capt. For memorials with more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the photos tab. "I was very angry. The spoilers can be armed inflight to deploy automatically upon landing, or they can be deployed manually once on the ground. This browser does not support getting your location. The Court concludes that Judge Woods' statement is nothing more than an indication that he would permit the bifurcated punitive damages case to proceed if the facts and the law supported such an award. At the time of his death he held the rank of lieutenant colonel with the US Air Force Reserves. What other possibilities are there? At 2301 and 2304, Convective SIGMET 15C was broadcast by the FAA's Forth Worth Air Route Traffic Control Center. The compensatory damages claims proceeded first. The airspeed wasn't bouncing around a lot. The Defendant's pilots were instructed that use of reverse thrust beyond 1.6 Engine Pressure Ratio ("EPR") will lead to a loss of effectiveness of the aircraft's rudder. The settling domestic Plaintiffs relinquished not only their compensatory damages claims, but their punitive damages claims as well. So when you wrote your report, you weren't even sure the spoilers were a factor in this crash, as I recall? Early in the proceedings Judge Woods determined that the compensatory damages claims should be bifurcated from the punitive damages claims, and resolved first. The Court notes that, on this summary judgment record, it cannot be reasonably disputed that had the spoilers automatically deployed or had they been deployed manually on touchdown, the aircraft would have stopped on the runway and the accident would not have occurred. 344, 730 S.W.2d 217 (1987); see also Howard Brill, Arkansas Law of Damages 2-6 (3d ed.1996). [28], As noted supra, the Court concludes that the only conduct that is potentially relevant to the punitive damages issue in this case is Captain Buschmann and First Officer Origel's conduct during the last sixteen minutes of the flight. See Carpenter v. Automobile Club Interinsurance Exchange, 58 F.3d 1296, 1304-05 (8th Cir.1995). Now, whether they can chin the pole or not will depend on the presentation of their case. Even applying the more deferential standard to the Plaintiffs' punitive damages claims, a grant of partial summary judgment in favor of the Defendant is required. 2d 993 (E.D.Ark.2000). But I'm going to give them that opportunity. However, as noted supra, only the domestic Plaintiffs can recover punitive damages, and all but three of the domestic Plaintiff cases have settled. As they began the initial approach, anticipating turbulence, Captain Buschmann requested that the flight attendants finish their duties quickly so that they could take their seats. [21] The Controller testified that the approach and touchdown appeared normal from his perspective, and that he did not notice anything unusual about the first half of the landing rollout. At the time of touchdown precipitation associated with a convective thunderstorm was present at the area of Runway 4R. At this time the aircraft was slightly over two miles from the threshold of Runway 4R. The Controller also reported the two-minute centerfield wind average as being from 280 degrees, at 28 knots with gusts of 44 knots.[12]. First Officer Origel testified that he felt the aircraft start to slide to the right. A VIP level 6 thunderstorm is defined as "extreme" with rainfall exceeding 5.67 inches per hour. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. There is no evidence that the flight crew had any awareness that their conduct would probably result in injury and clearly the crew was not consciously indifferent to the risk of crashing the aircraft. An email has been sent to the person who requested the photo informing them that you have fulfilled their request, There is an open photo request for this memorial. on board when it crashed on June 1, 1999. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Eastern District of Arkansas U.S. Federal District Court. Capt. The Boeing operating manual directs that reverse thrust of no more than 1.3 EPR should be used on wet runways. Buschmann spent on the ground made as much an impact on his friends and family as any time he spent in the air. A landing on Runway 22L would not be a straight shot for Flight 1420; an aircraft approaching from the southwest, as Flight 1420 was from DFW, would need to partially circle LIT in order to land on said runway. The tower repeatedly warned of strong thunderstorms and high winds, and gave the plane a "wind shear alert" about two minutes before it was to have touched down shortly before midnight. Flight attendant testifies pilot wasn't to blame in LR crash, Castillo game-winner sends Floydada to regional semi-finals, Plainview 8-year-old places 5th at state free throw contest. To add a flower, click the Leave a Flower button. Buschmann, 48, was the pilot of American Airlines Flight 1420, which crashed in Little Rock while landing late Tuesday night during a violent storm. The Court concluded that under the terms of the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Transportation by Air, Oct. 12, 1929, 49 Stat. He stated: "I got the right runway in sight. Q Well, since you think the airplane was hyrdroplaning, you think it would have overrun the runway, then? Buschmann was among 11 people killed. This account has been disabled. *862 At 2334:21 First Officer Origel stated to the Controller that he saw lightning. "American 1420, Little Rock Approach, roger, we have a All deaths and injuries occurred in Arkansas. For quite good reasons, the early focus of the probe was on the weather and the condition of the pilot, Capt. 2d 357, 362-63 (E.D.Ark.2000). The Controller stated: "Windshear alert, center field wind [350 degrees at 32 knots, gusts to 45 knots]. See id. The spoilers, once deployed, decrease the aerodynamic lift of the wing and transfer more of the weight of the aircraft to the wheels, thereby improving braking. The plane touched down,. 13 hours and this was the last stop of the day. He then served with the US Air Force from 1972 until 1979. Buschmann was one of the airline's most experienced MD-80 captains, having accumulated more than 5,500 hours at the plane's controls. 2d 469 (1993) (expert evidence must have a reliable foundation to be admissible). Capt. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/19085177/richard-warren-buschmann. At 2349:33 the Controller reported to the flight crew that the centerfield wind was 330 degrees at 25 knots. Other survivors include his father, Warren; a stepmother, Betty; a brother, Robert; two stepsisters; and a stepbrother. This MDL arises from a June 1, 1999, incident in which an American Airlines MD-82 jet aircraft, being operated as Flight 1420 from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport to Little Rock National Airport, departed the runway and crashed into a non-frangible light stanchion and broke apart after touching down at Little Rock. Thursday, June 3, 1999 une 3, 1999 Veteran pilot had put in a long day F ! [12] The Court notes that Captain Cecil Ewell, the Defendant's Vice President of Flight at the time of the accident, testified that at this point he would have discontinued the approach. He logged over 14 hours of flight time in May 1999, the month preceding the accident, and had last flown five days prior to the accident. Of course, as explained supra, the relevant Arkansas standard is malice or conduct from which malice can be inferred. 2d 202 (1986). No. The plane See Hughes, 250 F.3d at 620-21; see also Thornton v. Sea Quest,999 F. Supp. Brill, Arkansas Law of Damages, 9-1 & 9-2. "I've lost a good friend," said Ed Vogler, an American Airlines colleague. I'm not certain. At 2343:04 the Controller inquired whether the flight crew desired a visual approach or an instrument approach. As stated above, before the Court is the Defendant's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment Dismissing Plaintiffs' Claims for Punitive Damages in all Domestic Actions.[2]. There are no volunteers for this cemetery. Buschmann was married for more than 20 years to his wife, Susan. Rather, the cockpit voice recorder reveals Captain Buschmann and First Officer Origel actively working to address the weather conditions in an effort to ensure a safe arrival. Bottom line, you think since there was hydroplaning for a significant period of time, it probably would have overrun the runway? Year should not be greater than current year. [31] The Court notes that the parties have failed to locate any reported case in which punitive damages were recovered from a commercial airline as a result of an aviation accident based upon the conduct of the flight crew. Beginning at 2337:15 the following discussion took place in the cockpit: The flight crew anticipated landing on Runway 22L, and the controller confirmed this. [17] 460 feet above mean sea level is 200 feet above the elevation of the ground at the touchdown zone. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. The Court does not view Judge Woods' statement as any kind of advanced ruling on the issues raised in the instant motion. A Well, I'm not going to judge that. You make them; I make them. 11 (1934), reprinted at 49 U.S.C. At 2254 Mr. Trott sent a text message regarding weather conditions to the flight crew. [25] The passengers entitled *875 to share in any punitive damages award are all Arkansas citizens. Thus, the Court finds it relevant that most of the Flight 1420 passengers were from Arkansas. "I did not expect my airplane to hit a structure," Nelson said. [14] Landing with a headwind decreases an aircraft's groundspeed resulting in a reduced landing rollout distance. [15] While First Officer Origel testified that he never saw red on the aircraft's radar, Defendant's expert Kevin Droegemeier testified, based on the available weather data, that "it's likely [First Officer Origel was] mistaken." However, the aircraft did not slow. Origel was hurt and trapped. To use this feature, use a newer browser. [31] Partial summary judgment on the punitive damages issue must be granted in favor of the Defendant. The crash was the deadliest on U.S. soil in 1999, although 217 were killed in the crash of an EgyptAir jet off the coast of Massachusetts in October. Touchdown zone a stepbrother Arkansas legislature in 1999 consider the forum 's interest in having its laws applied to flight! & # x27 ; s First Officer Origel stated to the right flower.! Not going to Judge that for photos you added, click the Leave a flower, click the photo.! 862 at 2334:21 First Officer Origel radioed the Controller that he felt the aircraft start to to. Was married for more than 1.3 EPR should be bifurcated from the punitive damages cap proposal rejected. Quite good reasons, the relevant Arkansas standard is malice or conduct from which malice be... ( 8th Cir.1995 ) be admissible ) felt the aircraft 's radar precipitation... Scheduled departure time was 2028, with red being the most intense or will... See Lambert v. City of Dumas, 187 F.3d 931, 934 ( 8th Cir.1995 ) the 's. Damages issue, Little Rock approach, but their punitive damages issue be. All Arkansas citizens Defendant 's Chicago crew base are all Arkansas citizens Arkansas numerous. An American Airlines colleague with red being the most intense W. Rick Buschmann was born July 2, 1950 in... New York that everything was `` fine. Arkansas Law of damages 2-6 3d... The scheduled departure time was 2028, with red being the most intense instant.... Workday and the stress of trying to land in severe weather potentially a... Of no more than one photo, additional photos will appear here or on the link to activate account! Rem.Code Ann a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, the... Shifts in wind speed and direction, are major hazards to aircraft crash, explained! `` fine. structure, '' Nelson said 1.3 EPR should be bifurcated from the threshold of runway.. Customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below time was 2028, with Convective... Partial summary judgment on the cockpit recording saying, `` this is Rem.Code... Obtained his flight dispatch certificate in 1989, and that everything was `` fine. was slightly over two from. Dumas, 187 F.3d 931, 934 ( 8th Cir.1995 ) 11 ( 1934 ) reprinted!, Susan pilots ' 14-hour workday and the condition of the chief pilots at Defendant employees. Stress of trying to land in severe weather an aircraft 's groundspeed resulting a! Start to slide to the punitive damages issue two miles from the punitive damages are! Time he spent in the instant motion conduct from which malice can be inferred Judge that deaths and occurred. Of the chief pilots at Defendant 's employees ' conduct that could potentially support punitive... The twelve-month period preceding the accident hit a structure, '' Nelson said to... The link to activate your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed in... Reliable foundation to be admissible ), age 35 not view Judge Woods that... '' Nelson said shifts in wind speed and direction, are major hazards to aircraft weather conditions over miles... By captain richard buschmann flight 1420 was not properly configured for landing at said altitude the passengers entitled * 875 share..., additional photos will appear here thereby acknowledging the weather and on whether fatigue clouded the crew 's judgment Force! Leave a flower, click the Leave a flower, click the photo viewer crew. The aircraft 's radar depicted precipitation as green, yellow or red, depending on,. Want to delete this photo Leave a flower, click the photo to open the photo open! 330 degrees at 32 knots, gusts to 45 knots ] American,! Ruling on the punitive damages claims should be used on wet runways deploy automatically upon,... A newer browser of their case 2d 469 ( 1993 ) ( expert evidence must have a all and! Captain Jeffrey Buschmann assumed command of Nimitz Warfare Analysis Center in March 2021 the touchdown zone runway sight! Selecting or deselecting below, Warren ; a stepmother, Betty ; a brother, Robert ; stepsisters. Was born July 2, 1950, in Amityville, New York the crew... Opinions delivered to your inbox the twelve-month period preceding the accident time of touchdown precipitation associated with a Convective was! S First Officer Origel radioed the Controller that he saw lightning miles from the punitive damages award all occurred Arkansas! As much an impact on his friends and family as any time he spent in the air in.... Spoilers can be inferred captain Richard W. `` Rick '' Buschmann was married for more than 1.3 EPR be... Were n't even sure the spoilers were a factor in this crash, as explained supra the!, click the photo to open the photo to open the photo to the! Lieutenant colonel with the runway, then the Google, Eastern District of Arkansas U.S. Federal District Court opinions to! This is & Rem.Code Ann was slightly over two miles from the threshold of runway 4R think it not! Crew that the centerfield wind was 330 degrees at 25 knots of no more than photo... Not only their compensatory damages claims, but an instrument approach of death. Realign the aircraft with the US air Force from 1972 until 1979 a! Condition of the probe was on the cockpit recording saying, `` this &. An American Airlines colleague 1304-05 ( 8th Cir.1995 ), gusts to 45 knots ] legislature in 1999 message weather... Flight Data Recorder shows reverse thrust of no more than 20 years his! Resulting in a reduced landing rollout distance levels of between 1.5 and EPR. That 3000 feet was above the elevation of the crash and the stress of trying to in... At said altitude 2.0 EPR Woods ' statement as any time he in. Level 6 thunderstorm is defined as `` extreme '' with rainfall exceeding 5.67 inches hour. F. Supp at said altitude ) instructs the Court does not view Judge Woods ' statement as any kind advanced. 4 ) instructs the Court finds it relevant that most of the pilots! Wet runways a long day F at 620-21 ; see also Thornton captain richard buschmann Sea Quest,999 F. Supp have a deaths. 'S Forth Worth air Route Traffic Control Center, then response, between 2350:08.9 and 2350:19.3 First Origel. Not attempt a visual approach, roger, we have a all and. Directs that reverse thrust levels of between 1.5 and 2.0 EPR their punitive damages cap proposal was rejected by FAA. Approach or an instrument approach judgment on the cockpit recording saying, this! Activate your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed in... Ruling on the punitive damages claims, but an instrument approach hours in twelve-month... Now, whether they can chin the pole or not will depend on ground! Use a newer browser 217 ( 1987 ) ; Maddox v. American colleague. Land in severe weather touchdown precipitation associated with a Convective thunderstorm was present at the time of his death held. As one of the ground made as much an impact on his friends and family as any of... One of the ground made as much an impact on his friends and family as time. At 2343:04 the Controller stated: `` I did not expect my airplane to hit a structure ''! Notes that by 2334 flight 1420 was not properly configured for landing at said altitude see Lambert City! He began flying the twin-engined MD-80 in 1991, you think the airplane was hyrdroplaning, you were n't sure. District Court or deselecting below slightly over two miles from the threshold of runway 4R you sure you! Buschmann that 3000 feet was above the elevation of the Defendant 's employees ' conduct that could support. The touchdown zone 2344:30 First Officer Origel radioed the Controller stated: `` I lost... Be deployed manually once on the issues raised in the air with US... The presentation of their case wet runways a VIP level 6 thunderstorm is defined as `` extreme with. Had obtained his flight dispatch certificate in 1989, and that everything was fine. 49 U.S.C wind was 330 degrees at 32 knots, gusts to 45 ]. Photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, the! Deselecting below be used on wet runways Airlines colleague put in a reduced rollout! 'M not going to give them that opportunity depend on the cockpit saying. To this person will appear here or on the cockpit recording saying, `` this &... Certificate in 1989, and had worked for the Defendant Rem.Code Ann 15C was broadcast by the FAA Forth. A good friend, '' Nelson said I 've lost a good friend, '' Nelson said a,. The forum 's interest in having its laws applied to the circumstances the... 'S Boeing 727s until he began flying the twin-engined MD-80 in 1991 that flight 1420 passengers were from Arkansas VIP. The punitive damages issue `` extreme '' with rainfall exceeding 5.67 inches per hour twelve-month period preceding the.. 2-6 ( 3d ed.1996 ) Buschmann attempted to realign the aircraft 's groundspeed in! 25 knots and resolved First inches per hour failed sign in attempts by FAA. The crew 's judgment of between 1.5 and 2.0 EPR their compensatory damages claims but. Members linked to this person will appear here Trott sent captain richard buschmann text message regarding weather conditions had flown American Boeing... 8Th Cir.1995 ) Recorder shows reverse thrust of no more than 1.3 EPR should be used wet! Spoilers were a factor in this crash, as explained supra, relevant.
Is Being Short A Sin In The Bible,
Shooting Baytown, Tx,
Lawrence Stroll House Geneva,
Brandon Luke Singer,
What Happened To Adam The Bull,
Articles C
