Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. There were engineers. [5] A few leaders governed the tribe. According to these accounts, the Calusa had a head chief named Carlos who lived in Calos and received tribute from surrounding villages. Calusa society developed from that of archaic peoples of the Everglades region. At least three of the animal figureheads were found in close association with wooden humanlike masks which Cushing understood to represent the human form of that animal. 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The Calusas were one of the few North American Indian tribes who were ruled by a hereditary king. -written by Glenn Emery. The pelican, wolf, and deer figureheads mentioned here (Figs. It is why we were ashamed of Bernie Madoff. [4], Between 500 and 1000, the undecorated, sand-tempered pottery that had been common in the area was replaced by "Belle Glade Plain" pottery. Some of the "Spanish Indians" (often of mixed Spanish-Indian heritage) who worked at the fishing camps likely were descended from Calusa.[29]. The Calusa are said to have been a socially complex and politically powerful tribe, and most of southern Florida was controlled by them. It was during this phase of research that the team located and documented the massive kings house, showing it was indeed every bit as impressive as Spanish accounts, which claimed it was large enough to accommodate some 2,000 people. The first Spanish explorers found that these Indians were not very friendly. Milanich, Jerald. Rituals were believed to link the Calusa to their spirit world (Art by Merald Clark.) It was during this time that the team located the Spanish fort Fort San Antn de Carlos, named for the Catholic patron saint of lost things that historic documents said was built near Caalus house in 1566. "Chapter 10. By 880, a complex society had developed with high population densities. At the top of the hierarchy was the chief, who had control over the life and death of his subjects, and was believed to have the ability to communicate with the spirits. Salvaged goods and survivors from wrecked Spanish ships reached the Calusa during the 1540s and 1550s. Later periods in the Caloosahatchee culture are defined in the archaeological record by the appearance of pottery from other traditions. They were supported by the labor of the majority of the Calusa. Instead, they fished for food on the coast, bays, rivers, and waterways. The Calusa case also illustrates remarkably sophisticated engagements with, and long-term large-scale management of, coastal and estuarine environments.. The mission was closed after only a few months. The Calusa Tribe had a large population and were well-organized. Fontaneda was shipwrecked on the east coast of Florida, likely in the Florida Keys, about 1550, when he was thirteen years old. The Spanish documented four cases of known succession to the position of paramount chief, recording most names in Spanish form. The Calusa leader, Calus (called Carlos II by the Spaniards), agrees to accept a Jesuit missionary among his people, but the Calusa refuse to . There was little change in the pottery tradition after this. In 1987, the Tribe approved a constitution and began to lay the groundwork for a self-sufficiency plan. Cultivated gourds were used as net floats, and sinkers and net weights were made from mollusk shells. Granberry has provided an inventory of phonemes to the sounds of the Calusa language.[22][21]. Pine tree legends On Key Marco, among numerous mounds and ridges of earth and shell, he discovered a courtyard submerged in mud and bound by walls of conch shells. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! [16], Ceremonial or otherwise artistic masks have been discovered and were previously described by the Spanish who first encountered the Calusa. Calusa influence may have also extended to the Ais tribe on the central east coast of Florida. Figuring out how to shore up the walls of wooden buildings using a very early kind of tabby architecture is impressive and represents creative thinking and ingenuity in an unfamiliar and challenging setting, said Marquardt. In the 1700's, infectious diseases, slaving raids and attacks by Creek and Yamasee Indians who were supplied with guns by the English, decimated the Calusa population. Man in Peru Caught Out Drinking With an 800-year-old Mummy! Expedition Magazine. To date no one has found a Calusa dugout canoe, but it is speculated that such vessels would have been constructed from cypress or pine, as used by other Florida tribes. The Chilling Mystery of the Octavius Ghost Ship, What is a Wendigo? It was reputed in local legend to be the seat of the god Wotan and to be haunted. While a few Calusa individuals may have stayed behind and been absorbed into the Seminole, no documentation supports that. Index of Indigenous languages Cushings excavations brought to light at least 23 wooden masks and figureheads. They had three specific deities that they believed their cacique interpreted for. The Calusa king initially allied himself with Menendez, hoping to gain an advantage over his rivals elsewhere in the Florida peninsula.. Among other things. When the chief formally received Menndez in his house, the chief sat on a raised seat surrounded by 500 of his principal men, while his sister-wife sat on another raised seat surrounded by 500 women. Like the Calusa, the Tequesta were devastated by European diseases. (2004). The men of the Calusa are recorded to have been powerfully built, and let their hair grow long. Excavation of the watercourts yielded artifacts like cordage that are not normally preserved at archaeological sites. In 1513 Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon sailed northwest from the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) with a three-year royal contract to discover rich lands thought to lie in that direction. Shells and clay were used by the Calusa to create the foundation of their cities. Montauk The Calusa: "The Shell Indians". The other two souls left the body after death and entered into an animal. . The leaders included the paramount chief, or "king"; a military leader (capitn general in Spanish); and a chief priest. Tabby, also called tabbi or tapia, is made by burning shells to create lime, which is then mixed with sand, ash, water and broken shells. One is left only to imagine how lifelike these wooden figureheads must have appeared when used on ceremonial occasions. Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. Native Americans enjoyed a wide variety of entertainment in the form of sports, games, music, dance, and festivals. Honestly, we have explored a very small sample of Mound Key and other nearby island sites., ln the next couple of years, Thompson added, Id like to return to Mound Key to look more closely at the fort and its structures to really delve into Calusa-Spanish interactions.. Was this German silver mine really defended by two Roman forts and a line of "spike defenses? The Calusa and their legacy: South Florida people and their environments. Their sophistication and fierceness enabled them to resist Spanish domination for some 200 years. The Calusa Domain. The Calusa wove nets from palm-fiber cord. They formerly held the southwest coast from about Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys, and extending inland to Lake Okeechobee. Florida's climate had reached current conditions and the sea had risen close to its present level by about 3000 BC. Calusa beliefs included a trinity of governing spirits. Photograph by Amanda Roberts Thompson, courtesy Florida Museum of Natural History The Calusa also famously resisted colonization and conversion. Tracking the Calusa: A Retrospective. Historic sources reveal that they were a warlike people who economically and politically dominated most of southern Florida (Fig. [13][11] Artifacts of wood that have been found include bowls, ear ornaments, masks, plaques, "ornamental standards", and a finely carved deer head. The Calusa also made fish traps, weirs, and fish corrals from wood and cord. The Calusa Indians were descendants of Paleo-Indians who inhabited Southwest Florida approximately 12,000 years ago. A Spanish expedition to ransom some captives held by the Calusa in 1680 was forced to turn back; neighboring tribes refused to guide the Spanish, for fear of retaliation by the Calusa. Furthermore, new diseases such as smallpox and measles were introduced into the area by European explorers. Many people lived in large villages with purpose-built earthwork mounds, such as those at Horr's Island. The Spanish A research project has finally solved an archaeological mystery in America . They believed in three superior beings, one controlled the weather, the others ruled the welfare of the tribe and warfare. The archaeology of the Calusa is important worldwide in that it illustrates the development of very pronounced hierarchy, inequality, monumentality and large-scale infrastructure by hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, said Chris Rodning of Tulane University, who was not involved with this research. Said by a Spaniard, Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, who was a captive among them for many years, to mean "fierce people," but it is perhaps more probable that, since it often appears in the form Carlos, it was, as others assert, adopted by the Calusa chief from the name of the Emperor Charles V, about whose greatness he had learned from Spanish prisoners. The Spanish left less description on what the Calusa women wore. Along the southwest Gulf coast lived the Calusa (Caloosa) Indians. According to the documents, the brushwood and lumber fort encompassed some 36 structures. Request Answer. When the Spanish explored the coast of Florida, they soon became the targets of the Calusa, and this tribe is said to have been the first one that the explorers wrote home about. The Calusa Native Americans. It's also rich with the history and culture of the Calusa Indians, the Native Americans who preceded us, even if their footprints are a bit blurry. One example of a shell mound can be found at a site known as Mound Key at Estero Bay in Lee County. Slaves occupy the lowest level in Calusa society. The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C. Photo by Alina Zienowicz . This use of marriages to secure alliances was demonstrated when Carlos offered his sister Antonia in marriage to the Spanish explorer Pedro Menndez de Avils in 1566. The Spanish founded a mission on Biscayne Bay in 1743 to serve survivors from several tribes, including the Calusa, who had gathered there and in the Florida Keys. After the outbreak of war between Spain and England in 1702, slaving raids by Uchise Creek and Yamasee Indians allied with the Province of Carolina began reaching far down the Florida peninsula. The Calusa persisted for another century in isolation, but eventually succumbed to slave raids by Creek Indians from the north and exposure to diseases they brought. According to Menendez, in 1566 the town of Calos contained a central mound where special masks were kept and where human sacrifices were made. Since the soft limestone that surrounded them was unfitting for tool and weapon production, they decided to use shells, wood, fish teeth, and bone for tools. The Calusa (said to mean fierce people ) are a Native American tribe that once inhabited the southwestern coast of Florida. Cushings knowledge of American Indian culture, and specifically his experiences at Zuni Pueblo, helped him make rapid judgments about objects which in many cases were disintegrating before him. [2], Paleo-Indians entered what is now Florida at least 12,000 years ago. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.). Southeastern Archaeology, 33(1), 124. A dozen words for which translations were recorded and 50 or 60 place names form the entire known corpus of the language. This tribe of Indians controlled most of Southwest Florida and created an elaborate network of canals, homes, and government. An analysis of faunal remains at one coastal habitation site, the Wightman site (on Sanibel Island), showed that more than 93 percent of the energy from animals in the diet came from fish and shellfish, less than 6 percent of the energy came from mammals, and less than 1 percent came from birds and reptiles. Seeing the work of the Calusa in these materials first-hand were really exciting moments for us.. 4 . The finds tell us of Calusa fishing techniques, of the tools used to produce their wooden carvings, of architecture, ceremonialism, and daily life. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. The Calusa artifacts discovered on Marco Island date from 300 AD to 1500 AD, prior to European contact in Florida. His status was reflected by his personal adornments, which included a golden headdress and beaded leg bands (Coggin and Sturtevant 1964). The Calusa were a tribe of Native Americans known as the "Shell Indians" and some of the first Floridians. It is believed that Calusa translated to mean "Fierce People". During the Calusa's reign the Florida coastline extended roughly 60 miles further into the Gulf of Mexico. THE CALUSA INDIANS OF SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. The expedition was sponsored jointly by The University Museum (then the Free Museum of Science and Art) and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. They were occupying this land and engaging in commerce, culture, religion, politics and family life . These Indians were so unfriendly that this was one of the first tribes that Spanish explorers wrote home about in 1513. This lasted until about 1750, and included the historic Calusa people. Openings in the berms likely allowed the Calusa to drive fish into the enclosures for short-term storage, and then they closed those openings with nets and wooden gates. Hence, the Calusa are sometimes called the Shell People / Indians. They arrived in seven vessels and climbed to the peak of Mound Key, a 30-foot-high, human-made island of shells and sand, to greet the king. The Calusa were a Native American tribe that lived hundreds of years ago on the island that is now Mound Key Archaeological State Park. [7], The Calusa diet at settlements along the coast and estuaries consisted primarily of fish, in particular pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), pigfish (redmouth grunt), (Orthopristis chrysoptera) and hardhead catfish (Ariopsis felis). [24][25], In 1566 Pedro Menndez de Avils, founder of St. Augustine, made contact with the Calusa. Re-entering the area in 1614, Spanish forces attacked the Calusa as part of a war between the Calusa and Spanish-allied tribes around Tampa Bay. The first phase of work included the creation of a detailed topographic map of the island using LiDAR, which gave archaeologists information about its structures and geography. [1], Early Spanish and French sources referred to the tribe, its chief town, and its chief as Calos, Calus, Caalus, and Carlos. The Calusa (/klus/ k-LOO-s) were a Native American people of Florida's southwest coast. Their territory was bounded in northwest Florida by the Aucilla and Ochlockonee rivers, and . One of the causes of this was the raids conducted by rival tribes from Georgia and South Carolina. Add an answer. Apart from that, shells are said to have been used by the Calusa to make all sorts of things, including tools, jewelry, utensils, and even spearheads for fishing and hunting. Native American names The Carolinan colonists supplied firearms to the Creek and Yemasee, but the Calusa, who had isolated themselves from Europeans, had none. [15], The Calusa wore little clothing. As Cushing noted and as more recent studies have revealed, they dug extensive waterways or canals (sometimes as large as 4 feet deep, 20 feet wide, and 3 miles long) that crossed Key Marco and the rest of the region. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. It's also possible that a few were absorbed into the Seminole tribe. In a report from 1697, the Spanish noted 16 houses in the Calusa capital of Calos, which had 1,000 residents. Spanish admiral Pedro Menndez de Avils (1519-1574) by Francisco de Paula Mart (1762-1827) ( Public Domain ). How was the Calusa Indian nation organized? Tamara Jager Stewart is the assistant editor of American Archaelogy and the Conservancys Southwest region projects director. The Calusa made bone and shell gauges that they used in net weaving. This now makes three southwest Florida sites with wet-site preservation of such items as wood, cordage and netting: the Pineland Site Complex, Key Marco and now Mound Key.. Diseases would ravage their population and force . Favored sites were likely occupied for multiple generations. It was not conserved and is in poor shape, but it is displayed at the nature center in Marathon. (1993). They collected materials for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating and sediment samples for archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological analysis. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials associated with the watercourts indicates they were built between A.D. 1300 and 1400, toward the end of a second phase of construction on the kings house. The fort is the only Spanish structure built atop a shell mound in Florida. What was the calusa Indians religion? At the time of first European contact, the Caloosahatchee culture region formed the core of the Calusa domain. In addition, elaborate rituals with synchronized singing and processions of masked priests were also carried out on that occasion. The researchers used ground penetrating radar and LiDAR to locate and map the forts structures, which they then partially excavated. Such hierarchy and inequality are generally characteristics of societies that practice agriculture, he observed. Although many others survived the shipwreck, only Fontaneda was spared by the tribe in whose territory they landed. Julian Granberry has suggested that the Calusa language was related to the Tunica language of the lower Mississippi River Valley. Eventually, in the 18th century, slave raids by English from the north, aided by Creek Indians, destroyed what was left of the already declining Calusa population. It seems a sad demise for such a powerful . Unlike other Indian tribes, the Calusa did not make many. The Spanish departed and returned to Puerto Rico. When the Spanish arrived in Florida in the early 16 th century, the Calusa were already in possession of a complex centralized government. A new tribe that entered Florida either from the islands or the north at the start of the Christian Era, the Calusa dominated South Florida with their statute, skills, and brutality. People commonly occupied both fresh and saltwater wetlands. The team conducted a geophysical survey of both large mounds at the site, known as Mounds 1 and 2, and then they partially excavated the areas where ground-penetrating radar had indicated the locations of features and structures. From the time of European contact until their ultimate demise from conflict and illness around 1770, the Calusa successfully resisted, albeit with considerable bloodshed, intermittent efforts by Spanish missionaries to convert them to Christianity. The site of the excavation appears to be linked with Calusa ceremonialism and was one location at which wooden carvings, probably used in ritual, were housed. While thousands of Calusa people were enslaved, about 270 people, including Calusa nobles, escaped to the Keys where, after the last raid by the Creeks on May 17, 1760, the surviving 60-70. Schell, Rolfe F. 1,000 years on Mound Key; the story of the Caloosa Indians on . Miccosukee. 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