Appeasement was the right policy considering the people's attitude to war. ", Record, Jeffrey. Germany was seen as to push forward and in line with British national interest. Exactly. On 11 March, Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg that demanded him to hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion. "Chamberlain's worst error", says McDonough, "was to believe that he could march Hitler on the yellow brick road to peace when in reality Hitler was marching very firmly on the road to war". Moreover Great Britain was a democratic country, Chamberlain was not a dictator with the right to start a war if he pleased. I do agree that the Appeasement that they had executed could have been better, however, it was the best decision at that time. [96], Tibetan separatists consider the policy of the West towards China with regard to Tibet as appeasement. Slovakia separated and created under a puppet government of Germany. The book and Churchill's authority confirmed the orthodox view. "Peace in Our Time: The Spirit of Munich Lives On", by Michael Johns. Appeasement was the right policy because without the time bought by the policy, Britain would not be able to sustain her empire and give significant resistant to German aggression. The BBC and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)". They had a strong alliance with france and america. In the early 1990s a new theory of appeasement, sometimes called "counter-revisionist",[80] emerged as historians argued that appeasement was probably the only choice for the British government in the 1930s but that it was poorly implemented, carried out too late and not enforced strongly enough to constrain Hitler. [citation needed], Many historians argue that the British policy of non-intervention was a product of the Establishment's anti-communist stance. To make their presence more evident, the Munich Agreement would be the best diplomatic solution forward, agree? They should have built up their resources and military right from the start, especially when Hitler started to rearm. The journalist Shiela Grant Duff's Penguin Special, Europe and the Czechs, was published and distributed to every MP on the day that Chamberlain returned from Munich. Therefore appeasement bought time for Britain in the sense that Communist forces were weaken to a certain extent and would prevent substantial damage if Britain was to engage in a 2 front war ( ie. By signing the appeasement, not only they can buy more time to rearm, it will also gain support from the masses. In May 1936, undeterred by sanctions, Italy captured Addis Ababa, the Abyssinian capital, and proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III as Emperor of Ethiopia. [97], Some commentators have suggested that some NATO countries are following the policy of appeasement towards Vladimir Putin's Russia by rejecting the support of Ukrainian democracy through military operations during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[98][99][100][101]. The UK government had no choice but to offer appeasement in 1938 Would a Europe divided among democrats, fascists, and communists, and possessing jet aircrafts, nuclear weapons, and ballistic missiles, be more inviting than that one that emerged after 1945? In my opinion, appeasement was the right policy for Britain in 1938. Chamberlain's policy of appeasement emerged from the failure of the League of Nations and the failure of collective security. U.S. Nonrecognition of the Soviet Occupation of Lithuania, Primrose Booklet.Indd 1 15/07/2010 15:39 Primrose Booklet.Indd 2 15/07/2010 15:39 a Gift from the Churchills the Primrose League, 1883-2004, Valkyrie: Gender, Class, European Relations, and Unity Mitford's Passion For, Diehard Conservatives and the Appeasement of Nazi Germany, 19351940, IntroductionGuilty Women? Many have judged that belief to be fallacious since the dictators' demands were not limited, and appeasement merely gave them time to gain greater strength. [29] Ribbentrop demanded the return of Klaipda to Germany and threatened military action. The policy of appeasement became increasingly attractive after the overwhelming destruction of World War I. It isn't just a cut and dry do it or don't. Also, if the British had not adopted a policy of appeasement, Hitler would either have backed down or begun the war with much less support from his people. Some people saw Communism as the biggest threat to European stability. But, I completely understand why Britain tried appeasement first. A clear deadline was not given, but Lithuania was told to make a speedy decision and that any clashes or German casualties would inevitably provoke a response from the German military. Even if the German forces were very strong, had Britain stood by Czechoslovakia, which had one of the best armies in the world at that time, they had a big chance of defeating Germany. The general strike of 1926 and the depression made the possibility of revolution a very real concern to conservative politicians. This is evident during the German invasion of Poland, when the British and French did declare war on Germany, they took 7 months to actually mobilise and conduct military operations against the Germans, and even that was effortlessly decisively defeated by the Germans. "[75], Churchill's book The Gathering Storm, published in 1948, made a similar judgment to Guilty Men though in moderate tones. There's a reason Hitler went over most of Europe before taking France, thus forcing Britains hand. Chamberlain became convinced that refusal would lead to war. The policy of collective security ran in parallel with measures to achieve international disarmament and, if possible, was to be based on economic sanctions against an aggressor. You didn't pass the humanoid test! In September 1931, the Empire of Japan, a member of the League of Nations, invaded Manchuria, in northeast China, by claiming that the regional population was not only Chinese but was multi-ethnic. However, appeasement was not largely justified because there were many opportunities to hinder Hitlers plans, such as not allowing the remilitarization of the Rhineland which led up to Hitlers increase of aggressiveness, more time for Germany to prepare for war, the betrayal of Czechoslovakia, losing the allies . 1. British politicians were so paranoid about war that they forgot to defend their own country's interests. Argument replies (both in favor and in opposition) are displayed below the original argument. [9] In the Council of the League, only the Soviet Union proposed sanctions against Germany. The Republic of China appealed to the League of Nations and to the United States for assistance. The Communist MP Willie Gallacher said that "many prominent representatives of the Conservative Party, speaking for powerful landed and financial interests in the country, would welcome Hitler and the German Army if they believed that such was the only alternative to the establishment of Socialism in this country". [1] The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British governments of Prime Ministers Ramsay MacDonald (in office 19291935), Stanley Baldwin (in office 19351937) and (most notably) Neville Chamberlain (in office 19371940) towards Nazi Germany (from 1933) and Fascist Italy (from 1922)[2] between 1935 and 1939. Frank McDonough is a leading proponent of that view of appeasement, which was described his book Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War[81] as a "post revisionist" study. agreed that Germany would not seek to acquire additional territory. Lord Runciman was sent by Chamberlain to mediate in Prague and persuaded the Czechoslovak government to grant autonomy. Even if they went to war, the war would have ended much earlier and the British might not have suffered such drastic losses. In the early 1930s, it was not so clear what Hitler as the leader of Nazi Germany would do, so maybe pursuing a foreign policy of appeasement was still justifiable, but by 1938, it was clear that it was no longer the case. His criticism of Hitler began from the start of the decade, but Churchill was slow to attack fascism overall because of his own vitriolic opposition to communists, "international Jews" and socialism generally. An example is the surrender of Sudetenland (and eventually Czechoslovakia) to Germany, and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. Leaders throughout the world, have invoked appeasement to justify military action, Chamberlains policy, however, were far from, straightforward. Hitler's occupation of the Rhineland had persuaded him that the international community would not resist him, and it put Germany in a powerful strategic position. Was Appeasement the Right Policy for England in 1938? [36] I was not until May 1938 that he began "consistently to withhold his support from the National Government's conduct of foreign policy in the division lobbies of the House of Commons". Of course, it gave Britain time to re-arm. It didn't work, and ultimately cost Chamberlain his job as Prime This time has become known as the interwar years (from 1918 to 1939) in reference to the . Therefore, the British would be more willing to fight for their country and help out during the war. They prevented powerful germany from taking over their country. Frequent question: How much snow does London get in a year. Historians have continually debated. [77] The spectre of appeasement was raised in discussions of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. [33], On 1 September 1939, German forces started their invasion of Poland. History US History HIS 203 7 Attachments 1 2 3 4 Hitler demanded for the plebiscite to be cancelled. In Britain, it was thought that the Germans were merely walking into "their own backyard". If this is your first time checking out a debate, here are some quick tips to help get you started: Jeremy Matthew [NO] - I think Appeasement policy was not the right policy that Britain had taken in 1938. I agree. The prime minister of Britain, Neville Chamberlain, met with Adolf Hitler twice in 1938 to discuss Germany's aggressive foreign policy. Historians have subsequently explained Chamberlain's policies in various ways. The LON was weak (having proven to be ineffective in solving disputes)and so was Britain's army, therefore this would not have been enough to intimidate Hitler into backing down. They emboldened Hitler to pursue his aggressive foreign policy. The British people at that time were also not willing to go to war, hence trying every possible methods including Appeasement to avoid war. [14] The American reaction was similar. Rhineland, annexed Austria, and in September 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia give Germany the, Sudetenland, a region with a heavy ethnic-German, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met, with Hitler in Munich to find a compromise over, The Munich Agreement (September 29, 1938), Sudetenland, and promised Germany would not, On March 13-14, 1939, Germany violated the. [37] Many believed after the First World War that wars were started by mistake, in which case the League of Nations could prevent them; or that they were caused by large-scale armaments, in which case disarmament was the remedy; or that they were caused by national grievances, in which case the grievances should be redressed peacefully. France consulted Britain and lodged protests with the League but took no action. I know hindsight is 20 20, and also that the lesson from history is appeasement didn't work in that case, and I haven't read anything recently on this to have a fresh perspective. The British Ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, registered a protest with the German government against the use of coercion against Austria. Britain in the 1930s was struggling with the impact of the Depression, and so the country could not afford another war and heavy rearmament. Round 1: Take out Documents A and B, Guiding Questions, and Hypotheses Sheet. Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. In April 1938, the Sudeten German Party, led by Konrad Henlein, agitated for autonomy and then threatened, in Henlein's words, "direct action to bring the Sudeten Germans within the frontiers of the Reich". Colebatch, "Epitaph for a Liar", "Secretary of State Pompeo blames current tension with Iran on 'Obama administration's appeasement', "Appeasement: The Gathering Storm (Teachers Exercises)", "Appeasing Putin in Ukraine would be disastrous for European security", "NATO rejects Ukraine no-fly zone, unhappy Zelenskiy says this means more bombing", "The west knows the cost of appeasement. [86][87], After the Viet Minh won the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in a letter to British Prime Minister Churchill, "We failed to halt Hirohito, Mussolini, and Hitler by not acting in unity and in time. He was invited by the royal family onto the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had reported to Parliament. Appeasement came to be seen as something to be avoided by those with responsibility for the diplomacy of Britain or any other democratic country. Johns, Michael, "Peace in Our Time: The Spirit of Munich Lives On", Murray, Williamson. As a result, they had mixed feelings towards the German and Italian regimes which had crushed the communists and socialists in their own countries".[85]. [22] However, Churchill's subsequent leadership of Britain during the war and his role in creating the post-war consensus against appeasement have tended to obscure the fact that "his contemporary criticism of totalitarian regimes other than Hitler's Germany was at best muted". It basically just postponed the War from happening. But at the same time, Hitler was also able to re-arm. If you believe that the posting of any material infringes your copyright, be sure to contact us through the contact form and your material will be removed! [9] Attlee claimed in one political speech in 1937 that the National Government had connived at German rearmament "because of its hatred of Russia". The people of Britain and France would also be very unhappy had their government dare to oppose Hitler (which would increase to possibility of a war). By early 1938, Hitler had consolidated his power in Germany and was ready to implement his long-held plan. It failed to prevent another great world war, 3. They failed horribly at that. Appeasement was considered a viable policy because of the strains that the British Empire faced in recuperating from World War I, and Chamberlain was said to have adopted a policy suitable to Britain's cultural and political needs. [17] Chamberlain, therefore, returned to Britain and agreed to Hitler's demands. They need not go to war, they need only make their presence more evident. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. but Events in Spain Changed Public Opinion" History Today, Vol. I'd be giving a big fat reward to aggression". question: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? In 1938, Britain was still recovering from WWI after losing many soldiers and the military was weak. Britain and France was able to have time to rearm. [9][15] Nevertheless, the initial response of the British public to the Munich agreement was generally favourable. Under the Versailles Settlement, Czechoslovakia was created with the territory of the Czech part more or less corresponding to the Czech Crown lands as they had existed within [Austria-Hungary and earlier. The danger in this for Chamberlain was that he preferred to forget that he exercised such influence, and so increasingly mistook his pliant press for real public opinion the truth of the matter was that by controlling the press he was merely ensuring that the press was unable to reflect public opinion.[69]. Similarly, President Lyndon Johnson said to defend the Vietnam War, "Everything I knew about history told me that if I got out of Vietnam and let Ho Chi Minh run through the streets of Saigon, then I'd be doing exactly what Chamberlain did in World War II. By taking on a policy of appeasement, it would justify to the people that all options have been exhausted before going to war. In my opinion, appeasement was the right policy. They would not have time to rearm, But without time to rearm and immediately going to war, they have more to lose due to their weak defence and they could have lost the whole country instead of some parts of the land around them. Why or Why Not? The people wanted peace more than anything else. ", Finney, Patrick. However, Britain couldnt go straight into war as no one wanted a war: that is why British people wanted appeasement so they could avoid war at all costs. This would have stopped Hitler cold and WWII would have been prevented. No, it was a terrible and cowardly policy. Appeasement was a policy, that first started developing in the 1920s, coined by Britain and later used by France of avoiding war with aggressive powers such as Japan, Italy, and Germany, by giving way to their demands (unless they were too unreasonable) However, appeasement was not mainly justified because of the . This also helped to avoid Germany from having naval superiority which helped to prevent a naval invasion of Britain. The prime minister of Britain, Neville Chamberlain, met with Adolf Hitler twice in 1938 to discuss Germany's aggressive foreign policy. Through appeasement, Germany knows that the government will be very hesitant to start a war with Germany, knowing that there will be a drop in people's morale. Although in hindsight, war could have been prevented should the countries were more united and mobilised their armies to stop Germany's invasion of czechoslovakia. Churchill likened the negotiations at Berchtesgarten, Bad Godesberg and Munich to a man demanding 1, then, when it is offered, demanding 2, then when it is refused settling for 1.17s.6d. 59, No. Another justification was because Britain did not have the Financial Resources to launch another war. The Glamour Boys . The policy of appeasement is what allowed Hitler to successfully transfer troops to the Rhineland in 1936 which led to further military actions (e.g. When asked for details, he did not reply. [39] Anti-communism was a motiv of a close ally of Chamberlain, Lord Halifax, who said after he had visited Gring and met Hitler in Germany in 1936 and 1937: "Nationalism and Racialism is a powerful force but I can't feel that it's either unnatural or immoral! As someone mentioned, even at the end appeasement was a failure as it ended up with war. avoid war. The UK government had no choice but to offer appeasement in 1938 because its Armed Forces were so small there was nothing that they could do against Germany who had been preparing for war since 1933. ", Watt, D. C. "The Historiography of Appeasement", in, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:08. [58], British public opinion had been strongly opposed to war and rearmament in the early 1930s, but that began to shift by mid-decade. The rest of Czechoslovakia was left weak and powerless to resist subsequent occupation. The BBC also suppressed the fact that 15,000 people protested the prime minister in Trafalgar Square as he returned from Munich in 1938 (10,000 more than welcomed him at 10 Downing Street). 3) There was no guarantee the US or anyone else would come to their aid, or even if aid did come, if it would be enough to succeed. If he saw someone's weakness or something suffer, it would only encourage him. The crisis in the British global position by this time was such that it was, in the last resort, insoluble, in the sense that there was no good or proper solution". [36], In Britain, the Royal Navy generally favoured appeasement although it was during the Abyssinia Crisis of 1937 that it was confident it could easily defeat the Royal Italian Navy in open warfare. [11] Chamberlain's reputation for appeasement rests in large measure on his negotiations with Hitler over Czechoslovakia in 1938. The agreement was supported by most of the press, with only Reynold's News and the Daily Worker dissenting. However, the idea that the Munich Agreement had restored peace fooled the Allies into a stagnant state since none of them were fully prepared for the war when it arrived. U.S. President Harry S. Truman thus explained his decision to enter the Korean War in 1950, British Prime Minister Anthony Eden in his confrontation of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the Suez Crisis of 1956, U.S. President John F. Kennedy his "quarantine" of Cuba in 1962, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson in his resistance to communism in Indochina in the 1960s, U.S. President Ronald Reagan in his his air strike on Libya in 1986, and U.S. President Donald Trump in the drone strike that led to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani in 2020. Why did Britain and France adopt a policy of appeasement? It was clear to everyone, even Churchill, that Hitler's true intentions was to expand aggressively. Beck, R.J., "Munich's Lessons Reconsidered". Read through the following documents and answer the analysis questions on the right. Appeasement was Chamberlains personal way of dealing with Hitler Berchtesgaden, 22nd September 1938 in Godesburg, and 29th September This was because Britain was still suffering from the experience of WW1 and they were trying to rearm properly. [3], In the early 1930s, appeasing concessions were widely seen as desirable because of the anti-war reaction to the trauma of World War I (19141918), second thoughts about the perceived vindictive treatment by some of Germany during the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and a perception that fascism was a useful form of anti-communism. But how did each individual country know if they had enough men to counter the german forces? ", Strang, G. Bruce. After the German invasion of Norway, opinion turned against Chamberlain's conduct of the war. Planning an independent trip to the UK will take more time and effort than a package purchased from a travel agency. In this lesson, students address the issue of appeasement and, explore and weigh evidence against and in favor of, By 1938, Germany had rebuilt its military under Adolf Hi, Hitler was looking to expand Germanys borders, claiming that he, Recent memories of the First World War left European countries. The people were wary of another war and if they had not tried appeasement, the government would not have the full support of the people if a war broke out. However, instead of throwing Germany the whole meal, assuring them that they can take as much as they want, Britain should have only fed them Scraps. However, due to appeasement, the citizens did get more prepared for war. It also gave them time to bring up their economy which was needed during a war. 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