A concatenation of these activities changes the geography of the location, which eventually leads to the gradual loss of the coastal environment to landscape reclamation. It could also lead to fish kills and smothering of aquatic organisms. The environmental problem of this practice is that the sand dumped by the shore smothers plants and animals around the area and changes the coast from a marshy to a sandy area. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. 5. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. Located at the north-western tip of the island, the reclaimed land comes as space earmarked for military use becomes increasingly squeezed on the mainland. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. Simplicity and transparency. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. I have this example for you. roads, buildings, industries and parks. Nigeria has a land mass area of 923,768 km and places a broad and high significance on land reclamation. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). The Copernicus Sentinel-1 mission takes us over part of the Dutch province of Flevolandthe newest province in the Netherlands and one of the largest land reclamation projects in the world. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Seventy percent of our mangrove forests are gone, endangering this important ecosystem and causing many species to lose their habitats and breeding grounds. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from the sea; towns to use as examples should be those close to riverine areas in the country. If those locations belong to them by law, there should be no cause for alarm. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. . Industries also flock around coastal areas because of the ease of transportation of goods and equipments. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. Nearly one in six Africans is a Nigerian. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. One cannot jettison the issue raised by UN-Habitat and Ibidun Adelekan as regards the problem of flooding that can stem from massive land reclamation because coastal areas such as Lekki, Victoria Island and Ikoyi on several occasions have been ravaged by flood. It is the replacement of populations in a habitat through a regular progression over time to a stable state following a disturbance. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. . He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. Sand mining activity is a lucrative business in the Niger Delta and is embarked upon by both private individuals and government officials. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which are occupied by some people. Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. It is the forceful or legal takeover of coastal area by individuals or government officials. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. So far in this location thousands of houses had been built, which houses over half a million persons. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Use that include core, buffer and transition zones that covers about 150 hectares land! Buguma, Niger Delta and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos reclamation has been a common to... A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the upper intertidal zones and high significance on reclamation... A common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas same is being experienced in many lands! Presently buildings have been erected on the site, which houses over a! Situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going.! 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