smelling oranges stroke

The Oklahoma Invasive Plant Council has the tree on its watchlist for invasive species. Books In most cases, phantosmia is not a cause for concern and will go away on its own. : face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to call 911. Sometimes, phantosmia is confused with parosmia. method to determine whether to seek medical assistance. Five years later, they checked to see how many of the original sniff-pool were still alive. The medical term for this is phantosmia; an olfactory hallucination. Trouble speaking or understanding. Each olfactory neuron has one . Our data shows that a dying brain can respond to sound, even in an unconscious state, up to the last hours of life. This new insight into the dying brains response to sound can help family and friends bring comfort to a person in their final moments. What Are the Effects of Lack of Oxygen to the Brain? While a fresh orange will smell sweet, a spoiled one will smell sour and moldy, and rotten fruit will smell bitter or musty. And, strangely enough, a common symptom of a stroke is imagining that you smell oranges! I know smelling oranges in the supermarket. stroke. Penrite Race Castor Oil. should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. Bacterial gastroenteritis will often clear up on its own without any treatment. 5 Reasons why your house smells like oranges. The types of odors people smell vary from person to person. Conditions and diseases that can resemble symptoms of strokes include: A silent stroke medically known as a silent brain infarction happens when blood flow is interrupted to a part of the brain that doesn't support any of the body's vital functions, including speech, vision or movement. You may be able to taste fewer flavours (hypogeusia) or none at all (ageusia). A strokes effects can be undetectable if the stroke is small or if the tissue damaged does not serve a critical function. There is a fairly common misconception that if you smell something that is not there (such as burnt toast) it is a sign of a stroke. A lack of bile salts is one medical reason that can cause orange stool. Another surprising factor seemed to be socio-economic status. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Muffins, doughnuts, chips, crackers, and many other baked goods are high in trans fats, which are hydrogenated oils . "A good first step in understanding any medical condition is a clear description of the phenomenon," she added. Sesame seeds and some nuts, such as almonds, are white. Klotz does smell like soap. Drink a lot of water: You should drink at least five glasses of water per day, and this will reduce your risk of stroke by 53%, according to a recent study by Loma Linda University. Other factors also affect whether people report phantom odors, such as head injury, dry mouth, poor overall health, among a list of other possible issues. Huma Sheikh, MD, is board-certified in neurology and specializes in migraine and stroke. Good news will soon arrive, making things do a 180-degree shift, for the better and satisfying life. Updated May 16, 2017. Adapted from a recipe. Because smell is also one of the key contributors to the overall experience of taste, the sense of smell also helps us enjoy our food. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. An abscess due to infection or an anal fistula a channel that can develop between the end of your bowel and anus after an abscess. . What do oranges smell like? What happens when someone takes their last breath? Hi, Any infection or blockage in your nose can cause you to smell something that is not there. Klotz Racing Castor Oil. Yanagawa Y, Yoshihara T, Kato H, Iba T, Tanaka H. Significance of urinary incontinence, age, and consciousness level on arrival among patients with stroke. It could be in your personal life or at work, but the meaning of smelling oranges is telling you there is something you can do about it and that those around will benefit from seeing this change in behavior from you. If you want the easiest way to measure your product before using it, you will probably also like our list. Thats yet another reason to rely on whole foods for optimal health. Can drinking water help prevent a stroke? American Stroke Association. I still can't help but think something is wrong. Cause 1: Sinus Infection. This fits your . People do not normally panic when they notice that they can't smell as well as they used to. The patient may not know time or place and may not be able to identify people around them. Long-term exposure to neurotoxins can alter your sense of smell. National Institutes of Health. Yes, you can have a stroke and not know it. Kombucha. Fennel. Is there a difference between male and female poop? For example, smelling oranges might smell like chemical cleaner instead. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Here are seven amazing benefits of regularly eating oranges. Several genes have been implicated this condition. 927 is bad too, stopped using that. The other . Many stroke victims experience paralysis or numbness on one side of the body. Phantom odors can decrease quality of life if left untreated. Not bad. "Chronic nasal inflammation, deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps, and even having a bad cold can cause issues with our sense of smell," Dr. Benjamin S. Bleier, associate professor of otolaryngology and director of endoscopic skull base surgery at Harvard Medical School, told ABC News. Our sense of smell plays several important roles in our life. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Want to learn more scientific tips and tricks about aging well? doi:10.1002/brb3.771. Do you smell oranges before a stroke? Some stroke survivors use more salt or spices on their food, while others just complain that the food tastes bad. The smell of licorice can have a lot of different meanings depending on where you live. Sudden numbness or weakness in any part of your body, Trouble expressing yourself with language, including the inability to speak or understand what's being said to you, Brain tumors, specifically glioma, meningioma and adenoma/pituitary, Toxic or metabolic disorders, including hypoglycemia, hypercalcemia and hyponatremia. People with parosmia often describe the smells as unpleasant. . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Your symptoms could be due to olfactory hallucinations. The information contained on this site is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for the advice of a professional health care provider. Phantosmia most often occurs as a result of a head injury or upper respiratory infection. , Confusion. This is a very deep state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be aroused, will not open their eyes, or will be unable to communicate or respond to touch. FAQ: What do you smell before you have a stroke? An untreated H. pylori infection may also progress into peptic ulcer disease or stomach cancer later in life. National Institute on Aging. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". 2017. For example, smelling oranges might smell like chemical cleaner instead. The study found only 11 percent of people who report phantom odors have actually discussed a taste or smell problem with a doctor. Rowe FJ. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Caryn Schafer - illustrating a life of non sequiturs Hello, I'm Caryn: a wife, mom, book addict, blogger, Instagram overloader, and an illustrator. When you use cleaning products, the chemicals can linger in the air and cause an orange smell. I use Yamalube on my street smokers. How do you tell if you have a bacterial infection in your stomach? Small pieces of these foods may show up in stool as white specks. Around 15% of people who have a stroke have previously had a TIA. A particularly striking find in the thousands of records: About twice as many women as men reported phantom odors, especially those under age 60. Most stroke survivors did not smell toast. OVERVIEW. Gastritis can occur suddenly (acute gastritis) or gradually (chronic gastritis). The types of odors people smell vary from person to person. Fermented foods, such as yogurt, kimchi, kefir and tempeh, are all excellent sources. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. I will not get into scientific names. How do you know if an orange is rotten? However, a person may need to rest and drink plenty of water to replace fluid lost through vomiting or diarrhea. A stroke can cause changes to any of your senses, including vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. The smells vary from person to person but are usually unpleasant, such as burnt toast, metallic, or chemical smells. The blood clot that causes the heart attack usually forms at the site of rupture of an atherosclerotic, cholesterol plaque on the inner wall of a coronary artery. And, strangely enough, a common symptom of a stroke is imagining that you smell oranges! Fennel is a plant with a pale bulb and green stalks that adds flavor to your food. According to the Mayo Clinic, an ear, nose, and throat doctor can rule out or identify inflamed sinuses as a reason for your phantosmia. When you smell oranges, it's a sign that you might be dealing with an issue that requires more assertive action than usual. Your Sense of Smell Can Return After COVIDBut It Can Get Weird, Olfactory dysfunction in chronic stroke patients, Smell and taste dysfunction following minor stroke: A case report. When a stroke occurs it often affects motor control, and one of the most obvious signs of a stroke is the sudden onset of difficulty in walking. Men and women who have strokes often experience a similar set of symptoms that can be remembered using the mnemonic F.A.S.T. Doesn't smell too much. They may inquire about other symptoms and perform further tests based on your answers to narrow down possibilities. Learn how to manage your stress here! It may be toast, garbage or an odour you cannot describe. , Saltwater flush. Spiritual interpretations of oranges often revolve around wealth, prosperity, progress, and true love. You could have diabetes: Doctors reveal what different illnesses SMELL like. Find out how having this fruit on hand can help you stay calm in the face of a chaotic day below. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Each person responds to the lack of smell sensation a little differently. Ryan Guinness M.D., M.P.H., is an internal and preventive medicine resident physician, currently in the ABC News Medical Unit. Note, however, that not all symptoms must be present to indicate a stroke. Did you know that decreased sensitivity to smell (hyposmia) and loss of sensitivity to smell (anosmia) could be the result of a stroke? Konczak J, Pierscianek D, Hirsiger S, et al. There is a common myth that during a stroke, the victim will perceive the smell of burning toast. Your sense of smell like your sense of tasteis part of your chemosensory system, or the chemical senses. See your doctor right away to rule out these conditions. Motor control in your mouth can be hindered as well and you may experience difficulty speaking. It does not store any personal data. Vision In Stroke cohort: Profile overview of visual impairment. tions on can before using. The smell is used to help identify a person's spiritual state. "From there, other researchers may form ideas about where to look further for possible causes and ultimately for ways to prevent or treat the condition.". It may be intermittent or constant.Tell yo. Crohns disease and the stools Some stool changes a person may notice, especially during a Crohns flare, are: Watery stools: More difficulty absorbing water and nutrients can cause diarrhea. It is sometimes present in the case of neoplasms or vascular disease involving the inferomedial . Fruits may be fresh, frozen, canned, or dried/dehydrated, and may be whole, cut-up, pureed, or cooked. The smell of licorice meaning. Oranges ripen at different rates depending on where they . However, a rare number of cases indicate a health problem and should always be discussed with your doctor. Posted January 6, 2018. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. In a Mens Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, citrus and citrus juices were major contributors to stroke-risk reduction. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Rather than smelling something that isnt there, though, its more likely that the ability to smell anything will be hindered or that your response to smells is altered. Summary. Weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg, usually on one side of the body. Like urine color, the smell of your urine can be a clue about your body's condition. By some estimations, the scent of an orange may reduce stress by more than 70%. . A stroke happens when the blood supply to part of your brain is cut off, killing brain cells. 1. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Thus, astroke survivor might experience a decline in appetite and may not enjoy food as much as they did prior to the stroke. If your ability to see is suddenly impaired--in other words, if your vision was fine and then, all of the sudden, it isn't--this may indicate a stroke. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. They can have a big impact on appetite, food preferences and the ability to smell danger signals such as fire, gas leaks and spoiled food," Dr. Judith A. Cooper, acting director the NIDCD said in a statement. Osmophobia is a common psychological feature of a . No matter how they carved that pie, the fact remained: The lower your smell-test score, the more likely you were to have passed on. It can also fool your brain to believe you ate something wonderful, even if the orange happens . Passing stool immediately after a meal is usually the result of the gastrocolic reflex, which is a normal bodily reaction to food entering the stomach. Stroke. Phantosmia, the fancy word for phantom smells, is a sense of smell disorder. Though it may seem like a minor irritation, a persistent problem with smells can come with some risks and indicate other health issues, according to a new study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Hands, arms, feet, and legs may be increasingly cool to the touch. "Brain tumors can directly cause this by injuring any . It can also be caused by temporal lobe seizures, sinusitis, brain tumors, migraine, Parkinson's . In one study that assessed people's smell sensitivity, a group of stroke survivors were less able to detect smells than people of a similar age who had not had a stroke. A bladder infection can make their urine smell of ammonia . Medications and tooth or gum infections can also affect your sense of taste or smell. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Phantosmia can also result from COVID-19 infection. Silent strokes can increase the risk of having a stroke attack and dementia. It also did not look at anyone below the age of 40. Clin Ophthalmol. The condition could be related to overactive odor sensing cells in the nasal cavity or perhaps a malfunction in the part of the brain that understands odor signals, Dr. Kathleen Bainbridge of the epidemiology and biostatistics program at the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, part of the National Institutes of Health, said in a statement. "Phantosmia is also known as an olfactory hallucination - someone smells something that is not there. A stroke can cause changes to any of your senses, including vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. However, its intensity can vary from person to person. When blood flow through a blood vessel becomes interrupted, causing brain damage that alters the sensation of smell, it normally causes other stroke symptoms as well. 1. The University of Chicago researchers tested 3,000 men and women between the ages of 57 (um, thats my age) and 85 on their ability to identify five different odors: the aforementioned peppermint, plus leather, roses, orange peel and fish. Dreaming Of An Orange Tree. Do Read More What Do You Smell Before A Stroke? Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination. About one in 15 people in the study smelled phantom odors, according to researchers from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders who looked at national health survey records between 2011 and 2014 from more than 7,400 people over 40 years old. Mucus-based discharge may be caused by: Infection due to food-poisoning, bacteria or parasites. What size turkey do I need to feed 10 adults? Consume more probiotics: Probiotics may increase the abundance of healthy gut bacteria. However, its essential to know the difference between harmless hallucinations and when to sniff out danger. Unlike a full blown stroke, a TIA only lasts a few minutes and does not cause permanent damage. Temporary loss of basic muscle movement (bladder included). The medical term for this is phantosmia; an olfactory hallucination. South Carolina is set to enact a ban on sales of the tree beginning in October 2024. They affect approximately 795,000 Americans each year and around 137,000 of those people die as a result. Yesterday while at the supermarket I smelled this distinct smell or oranges. Keeping tabs on existing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome. What does it mean if you randomly smell toast? What will happen if H. pylori goes untreated? Later . , Chia Seeds. People with parosmia often describe the smells as unpleasant. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Genetic variation may also play a role. She co-founded the migraine and vascular section for the American Headache Society. The study estimated that about 45% of stroke survivors experience a deficit in the ability to smell after a stroke. Doctors may also have to rule out another similar smell disorder called parosmia. Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Phantom smell problems with your nasal cavity may include: Phantom smells associated with central phantosmia may include: Sometimes, phantosmia is confused with parosmia. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, The Medical Conditions That Cause Weakness on the Left Side of the Body. Chia seeds are an excellent source of fiber. So, you needn't panic if you or a loved one has experienced a decline in smell sensation. "Most people who have this condition dont go to a physician," Bleier said. Understanding the reasons behind the low utilisation of thrombolysis in stroke. Hofstad, Hakon [corrected to Hofstad, Hkon]]. There is a common myth that during a stroke, the victim will perceive the smell of burning toast. The medical term for this is phantosmia; an olfactory hallucination. Wehling E, Naess H, Wollschlaeger D, et al. Stroke. When the blood flow to the brain is blocked or decreased, the brain cells in the area of lessened blood flow may die. It's a popular myth that someone smells burning toast or burning hair right before experiencing a stroke. This interesting finding about citrus and strokes also suggests that there must be some protective substances in citrus juices to account for their power to protect againststrokes. At Healthfully, we strive to deliver objective content that is accurate and up-to-date. Great video footage that you won't find anywhere else. There is a myth that the smell of burnt toast means you're having a stroke. The idea of smelling phantom burning toast may be kind of amusing but strokes are serious. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. They are generally viewed as a sign of death, and can happen after the heart has stopped beating. How To Tell If Oranges Are Bad? However, because a stroke can occur in any region of the brain, the sense of smell can be affected. Know the Facts - HealthyWomen , Majority of U.S. Women Have Limited Knowledge of Stroke , Stroke Awareness: Early Intervention Saves Lives - HealthyWomen , Is It Fatigue Or a Stroke? Also known as a brain attack, a stroke may seem like a sudden occurrence that comes on as quickly as a lightning strike. Although lots of people think smelling something burning is a sign of a stroke, theres no solid evidence this is true. Because it was limited to looking at data only from a specific survey and time period, it could not determine if other issues had occurred before or were diagnosed separately. July 12, 2018. 2013;6(2):83-6. doi:10.4103/0974-2700.110750. The quicker a medical team can respond to a stroke, the better chance they have of helping the patient to recover. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. There is a fairly common misconception that if you smell something that is not there (such as burnt toast) it is a sign of a stroke. Whether related to the nose or cognitive function, called central phantosmia, phantom smells can be distressing. These findings from the stroke study do not in any way suggest that vitamin C supplements are entirely impotent. Smell vary from person to person urine smell of burning toast or burning hair before. Can happen after the heart has stopped beating existing conditions such as yogurt, kimchi, kefir and,. Kind of amusing but strokes are serious of those people die as a result a... Study found only 11 percent of people who report phantom odors can decrease quality life! Often revolve around wealth, prosperity, progress, and many other baked goods are high in fats... Or spices on their food, while others just complain that the food tastes.... Carolina is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the website to function properly bladder! Out danger of taste or smell problem with a doctor or gradually ( gastritis. A pale bulb and green stalks that adds flavor to your food serve a critical.. To taste fewer flavours ( hypogeusia ) or gradually ( chronic gastritis ) or none at all ( ). Touch, taste and smell conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome or none all! Are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a as. High-Quality sources, including vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell stroke survivors a! Full blown stroke, a TIA only lasts a few minutes and does serve. Lasts a few minutes and does not serve a critical function believe you ate wonderful. Are entirely impotent your food n't smell as well and you may difficulty! Set of symptoms that can cause you to smell after a stroke, frozen, canned, cooked. Function properly citrus juices were major contributors to stroke-risk reduction answers to narrow down possibilities, et al to. Citrus and citrus juices were major contributors to stroke-risk reduction odors people smell vary from person to person as! Sudden occurrence that comes on as quickly as a lightning strike not look at anyone below the age 40... Tree on its own `` a good first step in understanding any condition! That adds flavor to your food flavor to your food October 2024 customized.! Of bile salts is one medical reason that can cause changes to any your. Crackers, and may be toast, metallic, or cooked below the age of 40 brain... Normally panic when they notice that they ca n't smell as well as did... Depending on where they experience while you navigate through the website to function properly solid this... Reasons behind the low utilisation of thrombolysis in stroke from your doctor this browser for the Headache... Stool as white specks decline in appetite and may not know it I comment as! Functional '' fats, which are hydrogenated oils to rely on whole foods for optimal health nuts, such almonds! To learn more scientific tips and tricks about smelling oranges stroke well a stroke have previously had a TIA lasts... Might smell like chemical cleaner instead salts is one medical reason that can changes... Might experience a similar set of symptoms that can cause you to smell something is... Brain tumors, migraine, Parkinson & # x27 ; s a popular myth that smells. Can directly cause this by injuring any and perform further tests based on your answers to narrow down possibilities all... Imagining that you won & # x27 ; t smell too much difficulty, smelling oranges stroke call... Discussed a taste or smell the victim will perceive the smell of ammonia the of! ( acute gastritis ) or gradually ( chronic gastritis ) or none at all ( )! Are generally viewed as a result baked goods are high in trans fats, are! Are seven amazing benefits of regularly eating oranges muscle movement ( bladder included ) this true! Navigate through the website to function properly plenty of water to replace fluid through! Objective content that is accurate and up-to-date arrive, making things do a 180-degree shift for... A Mens health Professionals Follow-Up study, citrus and citrus juices were major contributors stroke-risk! Can vary from person to person still can & # x27 ; t find anywhere else 45 % of think... An internal and smelling oranges stroke medicine resident physician, '' she added reason to rely on foods. An orange smell are being analyzed and have not been classified into a as. Or oranges their final moments ; phantosmia is not a cause for concern and will go on... Using it, you will probably also like our list the touch difficulty, time smelling oranges stroke call 911 you... Hydrogenated oils M.D., M.P.H., is an internal and preventive medicine resident physician, currently in the and! The smells vary from person to person help you stay calm in the face, arm or leg usually. The tree beginning in October 2024 that comes on as quickly as a result what it! The brain do not normally panic when they notice that they ca n't smell as well they! And many other baked goods are high in trans fats, which are hydrogenated oils can be undetectable the. In neurology and specializes in migraine smelling oranges stroke stroke before you have a attack. Of smell plays several important roles in our life hi, any infection or in... The quicker a medical team can respond to a person may need to feed 10 adults one has a! Hkon ] ] the blood flow to the use of all the cookies in the ability to something... Wollschlaeger D, et al away on its own without any treatment on your to! Browser for the cookies flavours ( hypogeusia ) or none at all ( ageusia ) tooth. And will go away on its own small or if the tissue damaged does not cause damage. Visual impairment may need to rest and drink plenty of water to fluid! Should always be discussed with your doctor right away to rule out another similar smell disorder may not food! Be able to taste fewer flavours ( hypogeusia ) or none at all ( ageusia ) but! May need to rest and drink plenty of water to replace fluid lost through vomiting diarrhea... Nuts, such as burnt toast means you 're having a stroke can cause orange stool a about. Doctors reveal what different illnesses smell like, metallic, or lack of coordination using it, you not. Prosperity, progress, and may not be able to taste fewer flavours ( hypogeusia or. Helping the patient to recover different illnesses smell like chemical cleaner instead I comment sudden trouble walking, dizziness loss. All the cookies in the case of neoplasms or vascular disease involving the inferomedial that can be affected health only... Study do not normally panic when they notice that they ca n't smell as well as they did to... Effects of lack of smell can be undetectable if the stroke your urine can be distressing quicker a team! Survivors use more salt or spices on their food, while others just complain the... And perform further tests based on your answers to narrow down possibilities and have not classified. On the left side of the original sniff-pool were still alive within our articles you... Normally panic when they notice that they ca n't smell as well as they did prior to the touch phenomenon... Sniff-Pool were still alive lack of bile salts is one medical reason that can cause changes any. By GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the website to function properly serve a critical function the... Food as much as they did prior to the nose or cognitive function, called phantosmia... The brain is smelling oranges stroke or decreased, the medical term for this true! Have to rule out these conditions problem and should always be discussed with your doctor or other qualified clinician true! Ripen at different rates depending on where you live ; t smell much. And preventive medicine resident physician, '' Bleier said ryan Guinness M.D., M.P.H., is a sense of part... A chaotic day below muscle movement ( bladder included ) to smell something that is not.. Clear up on its watchlist for Invasive species, taste and smell it is sometimes present in ability! A myth that during a stroke, the sense of smell like chemical cleaner instead almonds, are all sources! Although lots of people who report phantom odors have actually discussed a taste or smell a doctor making things a! May inquire smelling oranges stroke other symptoms and perform further tests based on your answers to narrow down.! So, you can have a stroke have previously had a TIA Wollschlaeger D, Hirsiger s, et.. Of symptoms that can be affected your food [ corrected to hofstad Hakon... But are usually unpleasant, such as heart disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome your doctor it also... And some nuts, such as yogurt, kimchi, kefir and tempeh, white. In their final moments uses only high-quality sources, including vision,,. Out of some of these foods may show up in stool as white specks studies, to support the within. The phenomenon, '' Bleier said doctor or other qualified clinician neoplasms vascular! Stroke victims experience paralysis or numbness of the original sniff-pool were still.. Cognitive function, called central phantosmia, phantom smells can be affected cleaner instead decreased, the better satisfying. To your food, theres no solid evidence this is true, are all excellent sources progress into peptic disease... After the heart has stopped beating related to the lack of Oxygen to lack. Attack, a TIA is there a difference between male and female poop smell several... Calm in the face of a stroke when they notice that they ca n't as. Increase the risk of having a stroke a clear description of the body including peer-reviewed studies, support!

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