The record of her arrest and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district court in 2021, with the support of the district attorney for the county in which the charges were brought more than 66 years before. At the time, black leaders, including the Rev. "He said he wanted the people to know about the 15-year-old, because really, if I had not made the first cry for freedom, there wouldn't have been a Rosa Parks, and after Rosa Parks, there wouldn't have been a Dr King. She relied on the city's buses to get to and from school because her family did not own a car. Colvin has remained unmarried all her life. He was executed for his alleged crimes. Read about our approach to external linking. Fifty years have passed since campaigners overturned a ban on ethnic minorities working on buses in one British city. Eclipsed by Parks, her act of defiance was largely ignored for many years. March 2 was named Claudette Colvin Day in Montgomery. After training, she landed a job as a nurses aide in a Catholic hospital in Manhattan. BBC World Service. When Ms Nesbitt, her 10th grade teacher, asked the class to write down what they wanted to be, she unfolded a piece of paper with Colvin's handwriting on it that said: "President of the United States. ", If that were not enough, the son, Raymond, to whom she would give birth in December, emerged light-skinned: "He came out looking kind of yellow, and then I was ostracised because I wouldn't say who the father was and they thought it was a white man. "I respect my elders, but I don't respect what they did to Colvin," she says. She earned mostly As in her classes and aspired to become president one day. Claudette Colvin and her guardians relocated to Montgomery when . Gary Younge investigates, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning. You have to take a stand and say, 'This is not right.'. "We learned about negro spirituals and recited poems but my social studies teachers went into more detail," she says. After her minister paid her bail, she went home where she and her family stayed up all night out of concern for possible retaliation. Phillip Hoose. I felt the hand of Harriet Tubman pushing down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth pushing down on the other. The Supreme Court summarily affirmed the District Court decision on November 13, 1956. Her son Raymond Colvin died of a heart attack in 1993. I think that history only has room enough for certainyou know, how many icons can you choose? Although some of the details might seem familiar, this is not the Rosa Parks story. Black people were allowed to occupy those seats so long as white people didn't need them. But the very spirit and independence of mind that had inspired Parks to challenge segregation started to pose a threat to Montgomery's black male hierarchy, which had started to believe, and then resent, their own spin. "When I was in the ninth grade, all the police cars came to get Jeremiah," says Colvin. First Name Claudette #1. Two years later, Colvin moved to New York City, where she had her second son, Randy, and worked as a nurse's aide at a Manhattan nursing home. For many years, Montgomery's black leaders did not publicize Colvin's pioneering effort. Tour: Black America and the burden of the perfect victim. On 2 March 1955, Colvin and her friends finished their classes and were let out of school early. And I just kept blabbing things out, and I never stopped. The policeman arrived, displaying two of the characteristics for which white Southern men had become renowned: gentility and racism. She retired in 2004. I was crying," she says. A year later, on 20 December 1956, the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation on the buses must end. Let the people know Rosa Parks was the right person for the boycott. She dreamed of becoming the President of the United States. Colvin was initially charged with disturbing the peace, violating the segregation laws, and battering and assaulting a police officer. ", But even as she inspired awe throughout the country, elders within Montgomery's black community began to doubt her suitability as a standard-bearer of the movement. Claudette Colvin, Who Was Arrested for Refusing to Give Up Her Bus Seat in 1955, Is Fighting to Clear Her Record The civil rights pioneer pushed back against segregation nine months before Rosa. "Had it not been for Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith, there may not have been a Thurgood Marshall, a Martin Luther King or a Rosa Parks. Colvin never married but gave birth to two sons, the first was Raymond Colvin (b. December 1955, died 1993). After her arrest and release to the custody of her pastor and great-aunt, the bright, opinionated Colvin insisted to everyone within earshot that she wanted to contest the charges. [2][10] When Colvin was eight years old, the Colvins moved to King Hill, a poor black neighborhood in Montgomery where she spent the rest of her childhood. Colvin's son Raymond died in 1993. Colvin was one of four plaintiffs in the first federal court case filed by civil rights attorney Fred Gray on February 1, 1956, as Browder v. Gayle, to challenge bus segregation in the city. She shops with her workmates and watches action movies on video. The NMAAHC has a section dedicated to Rosa Parks, which Colvin does not want taken away, but her family's goal is to get the historical record right, and for officials to include Colvin's part of history. She refused to name the father or have anything to do with him. After Colvin was released from prison, there were fears that her home would be attacked. For we like our history neat - an easy-to-follow, self-contained narrative with dates, characters and landmarks with which we can weave together otherwise unrelated events into one apparently seamless length of fabric held together by sequence and consequence. [citation needed]. An ad hoc committee headed by the most prominent local black activist, ED Nixon, was set up to discuss the possibility of making Colvin's arrest a test case. This led to a few articles and profiles by others in subsequent years. So we choose the facts to fit the narrative we want to hear. I paid my fare, it's my constitutional right." Listen to Claudette Colvin's interview on Outlook on the BBC World Service. Her voice is soft and high, almost shrill. To the exclusively male and predominantly middle-class, church-dominated, local black leadership in Montgomery, she was a fallen woman. So, Colvin and her younger sister, Delphine, were taken in by their great aunt and uncle, Mary Anne and Q. P. Colvin whose daughter, Velma Colvin, had already moved out. "It bothered some that there was an unruly, tomboy quality to Colvin, including a propensity for curse words and immature outbursts," writes Douglas Brinkly, who recently completed a biography of Parks. "She gave me the feeling that I was the Moses that God had sent to Pharaoh," said Fred Gray, the lawyer who went on to represent her. In this respect, the civil rights movement in Montgomery moved fast. ", "They never thought much of us, so there was no way they were going to run with us," says Hardin. "I never swore when I was young," she says. While her role in the fight to end segregation in Montgomery may not be widely recognized, Colvin helped advance civil rights efforts in the city. Claudette Colvin Popularity . In the nine months between her arrest and that of Parks, another young black woman, Mary Louise Smith, suffered a similar fate. 45.148.121.138 We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. [29], Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond, in March 1956. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! She sat in the colored section about two seats away from an emergency exit, in a Capitol Heights bus. I was glued to my seat," she later told Newsweek. She had sons named Raymond and Randy. Despite the light sentence, Colvin could not escape the court of public opinion. Either way, he had violated the South's deeply ingrained taboo on interracial sex - Alabama only voted to legalise interracial marriage last month (the state held a referendum at the same time as the ballot for the US presidency), and then only by a 60-40 majority. Despite her personal challenges, Colvin became one of the four plaintiffs in the Browder v. Gayle case, along with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith (Jeanatta Reese, who was initially named a plaintiff in the case, withdrew early on due to outside pressure). She and her son Raymond moved in with Velma while Colvin looked for work. But what I do remember is when they asked me to stick my arms out the window and that's when they handcuffed me," Colvin says. Joseph Rembert said, "If nobody did anything for Claudette Colvin in the past why don't we do something for her right now?" Some have tried to change that. Officers were called to the scene and Colvin was forcefully taken off of the bus and . When Austin abandoned the family, Gadson was unable to financially support her children. Claudette Colvin in 2009. But she rarely told her story after moving to New York City. I can still vividly hear the click of those keys. Rule and Guide: 100 ways to more Success for only $8.67 Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery bus boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. "She was a bookworm," says Gloria Hardin, who went to school with Colvin and who still lives in King Hill. "New York is a completely different culture to Montgomery, Alabama. On June 5, 1956, the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama issued a ruling declaring the state of Alabama and Montgomery's laws mandating public bus segregation as unconstitutional. Colvin could not attend the proclamation due to health concerns. Nine months before Parks's arrest, a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, was thrown off a bus in the same town and in almost identical circumstances. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. The driver kept on going but stopped when he reached a junction where a police squad car was waiting. [20] In a later interview, she said: "We couldn't try on clothes. Colvin has retired from her job and has been living her life. Peter Dreier: 50 years after the March on Washington, what would MLK march for today? [50], In 2022, a biopic of Colvin titled Spark written by Niceole R. Levy and directed by Anthony Mackie was announced. Soon afterwards, on 5 December, 40,000 African-American bus passengers boycotted the system and that afternoon, black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), electing a young pastor, Martin Luther King Jr, as their president. "[28], On May 20, 2018, Congressman Joe Crowley honored Colvin for her lifetime commitment to public service with a Congressional Certificate and an American flag. The pace of life is so slow and the mood so mellow that local residents look as if they have been wading through molasses in a half-hearted attempt to catch up with the past 50 years. That's what they usually did.". In 1960, she gave birth to her second son, Randy. Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. She prayed furiously as they sped out, with the cop leering over her, guessing at her bra size. "Nobody slept at home because we thought there would be some retaliation," says Colvin. Reeves was a teenage grocery delivery boy who was found having sex with a white woman. Claudette Colvin : biography. "When I told my mother I was pregnant, I thought she was going to have a heart attack. In his Pulitzer prize-winning account of the civil rights years, Parting The Waters, Taylor Branch wrote: "Even if Montgomery Negroes were willing to rally behind an unwed, pregnant teenager - which they were not - her circumstances would make her an extremely vulnerable standard bearer. "I went bipolar. They sent a delegation to see the commissioner, and after a few meetings they appeared to have reached an understanding that the harassment would stop and that Colvin would be allowed to clear her name. "We just sat there and waited for it all to happen," says Gloria Hardin, who was on the bus, too. But it is also a rare and excellent one that gives her more than a passing, dismissive mention. Colvin left Montgomery for New York in 1958, because she had difficulty finding and keeping work after the notoriety of the . "The white people were always seated at the front of the bus and the black people were seated at the back of the bus. However, some white passengers still refused to sit near a black person. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . Claudette Colvin's birth flower is Aster/Myosotis. On Thursday, December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old black seamstress, boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after a hard day's work, took a seat and headed for home. She was played by Mariah Iman Wilson. Colvin was not invited officially for the formal dedication of the museum, which opened to the public in September 2016. The story of Colvins courage might have been forgotten forever had not Frank Sikora, a Birmingham newspaper reporter assigned in 1975 to write a retrospective of the bus boycott, remembered that there had been a girl arrested before Parks. Telephones rang. The full enormity of what she had done was only just beginning to dawn on her. It is a letter Colvin knew nothing about. It wasn't a bad area, but it had a reputation." That was worse than stealing, you know, talking back to a white person. Funeral Services will be held Saturday, April 20, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. at the Ft. Deposit Municipal Complex with Pastor. 2023 BBC. ", When the boycott was over and the African-American community had emerged victorious, King, Nixon and Parks appeared for the cameras. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). The driver wanted all of them to move to the back and stand so that the white passenger could sit. It is here, at 658 Dixie Drive, that Colvin, 61, was raised by a great aunt, who was a maid, and great uncle, who was a "yard boy", whom she grew up calling her parents. Meanwhile, Parks had been transformed from a politically-conscious activist to an upstanding, unfortunate Everywoman. A memorial service will be held at 11:00 AM, Saturday, March 4, 2023, at East Juliette . "They did think I was nutty and crazy.". She sat down in the front of the bus and refused to move on her own will when asked. "They lectured us about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth and we were taught about an opera singer called Marian Anderson who wasn't allowed to sing at Constitutional Hall just because she was black, so she sang at Lincoln Memorial instead.". It is time for President Obama to award Colvin the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nations highest civilian honor, to recognize her sacrifice and passionate dedication to social justice. By then I didnt have much time for celebrating anyway. [2] She was also a member of the NAACP Youth Council, where she formed a close relationship with her mentor, Rosa Parks. Parkss protest helped spark the Montgomery bus boycott, which black leaders sought to supplement with a federal civil suit challenging the constitutionality of Montgomerys bus laws. In 1958, Colvin moved from Montgomery to New York City because she was having trouble obtaining and keeping a job after taking part in the . Montgomery was not home to the first bus boycott any more than Colvin was the first person to challenge segregation. While this does not happen by conspiracy, it is often facilitated by collusion. Roy White, who was in charge of most of the project, asked Colvin if she would like to appear in a video to tell her story, but Colvin refused. "So I told him I was not going to get up, either. In July 2014, Claudette Colvin's story was documented in a television episode of Drunk History (Montgomery, AL (Season 2, Episode 1)). He contacted Montgomery Councilmen Charles Jinright and Tracy Larkin, and in 2017, the Council passed a resolution for a proclamation honoring Colvin. If she had not done what she did, I am not sure that we would have been able to mount the support for Mrs. Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a retired American nurse aide who was a pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement. It was March 2, 1955 and fifteen-year-old Claudette Colvin was taking the bus in order to get home after her day of attending classes. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack at age 37. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}How the Greensboro Four Began the Sit-In Movement, Biography: You Need to Know: Bayard Rustin, Biography: You Need to Know: Sylvia Rivera, Biography: You Need to Know: Dorothy Pittman Hughes, 10 Influential Asian American and Pacific Islander Activists. Virgo Civil Rights Leader #2. Broken-down cars sit outside tumble-down houses. He was drug-addicted and alcoholic and passed away of a cardiac attack in Colvin's apartment. However, not one has bothered to interview her. She says she expected some abuse from the driver, but nothing more. After her arrest and late appearance in the court hearing, she was more or less forgotten. All but housebound, mocked at school and dropped, as she put it, by Montgomerys black leadership, Colvin saw her self-confidence plummet. But, as she recalls her teenage years after the arrest and the pregnancy, she hovers between resentment, sadness and bewilderment at the way she was treated. Browder vs Gayle Claudette Colvin, Aurelia S Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanette Reese were plaintiffs in the court case of Browder vs Gayle. Colvin later moved to New York City and worked as a nurse's aide. I heard about the court decision on the news, Colvin recalled. However, her story is often silenced. [26], Together with Aurelia S. Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanetta Reese, Colvin was one of the five plaintiffs in the court case of Browder v. Gayle. She said, "They've already called it the Rosa Parks museum, so they've already made up their minds what the story is. For all her bravado, Colvin was shocked by the extremity of what happened next. [24], Colvin's moment of activism was not solitary or random. It was a case of 'bourgey' blacks looking down on the working-class blacks. In 1955, when she was 15, she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white womannine months before Rosa Parks's refusal in Montgomery sparked a bus boycott. "It was partly because of her colour and because she was from the working poor," says Gwen Patton, who has been involved in civil rights work in Montgomery since the early 60s. Mothers expressed concern about permitting their children on the buses. All I could do is cry. [5] Colvin did not receive the same attention as Parks for a number of reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, she was pregnant. The boycott was very effective but the city still resisted complying with protesters' demands - an end to the policy preventing the hiring of black bus drivers and the introduction of first-come first-seated rule. She retired in 2004. "She was an A student, quiet, well-mannered, neat, clean, intelligent, pretty, and deeply religious," writes Jo Ann Robinson in her authoritative book, The Montgomery Bus Boycott And The Women Who Started It. She wants . ", "I wanted to go north and liberate my people," explains Colvin. The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. She was 15. Similarly, Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Detroit in 1957. Assured that the hearing would not take place until after her baby was born, Colvin nervously assented to become one of four plaintiffs all women, and not including Parks in Browder v. Gayle. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman.'" Almost nine months after Colvins bus protest, she heard news reports that Parks, a 42-year-old seamstress, had likewise been arrested for a bus seating protest. James Edward "Jungle Jim" Colvin, 69, of Juliette, Georgia, passed away on Saturday, February 25, 2023. Ms. Colvin made her stand on March 2, 1955, and Mrs. "I would sit in the back and no one would even know I was there. "It's interesting that Claudette Colvin was not in the group, and rarely, if ever, rode a bus again in Montgomery," wrote Frank Sikora, an Alabama-based academic and author. Letters of support came from as far afield as Oregon and California. Unlike Randy, Raymond was white, once he found out how white people treated colored people, he then hated school, and sadly he died in 1993 at the age of 37, when he started doing so many jobs at. Claudette Colvin became a teenage mother in 1956 when she gave birth to a boy named Raymond. In 1969, years after moving to NYC, she acquired a job working as a Nurse's aide at a Nursing home. Anything to detach herself from the horror of reality. As more white passengers got on, the driver asked black people to give up their seats. Claudette Colvin gave birth to a son named Raymond in the same year 1955. [6][7] It is now widely accepted that Colvin was not accredited by civil rights campaigners at the time due to her circumstances. Her son, Raymond, was born in March 1956. Parks was, too. "Always studying and using long words.". They would have come and seen my parents and found me someone to marry. The policeman grabbed her and took her to a patrolman's car in which his colleagues were waiting. In 2009, the writer Phillip Hoose published a book that told her story in detail for the first time. Born on September 5, 1939, Claudette Colvin hails from Alabama, United States. Colvins son Raymond died in 1993. '", The atmosphere on the bus became very tense. "Mrs Parks was a married woman," said ED Nixon. In August that year, a 14-year-old boy called Emmet Till had said, "Bye, baby", to a woman at a store in nearby Mississippi, and was fished out of the nearby Tallahatchie river a few days later, dead with a bullet in his skull, his eye gouged out and one side of his forehead crushed. Like Parks, she, too, pleaded not guilty to breaking the law. Parks," her former attorney, Fred Gray, told Newsweek. You can't sugarcoat it. She now works as a nurses' aide at an old people's home in downtown Manhattan. "I wasn't with it at all. [4] Colvin later said: "My mother told me to be quiet about what I did. I didn't want to discuss it with them," she says. Phillip Hoose is author of Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice., On March2, 1955, a young African American woman boarded a city bus in Montgomery, Ala., took her seat and, minutes later, refused the drivers command to surrender it to a white passenger. Angry protests erupt over Greek rail disaster, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. She told me to let Rosa be the one: white people aren't going to bother Rosa, they like her". The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People briefly considered using Colvin's case to challenge the segregation laws, but they decided against it because of her age. 83 Year Old #3. ", Almost 50 years on, Colvin still talks about the incident with a mixture of shock and indignation - as though she still cannot believe that this could have happened to her. CIVIL RIGHTS ACTIVIST, 81, BIRMINGHAM, AL. Her rhythm is simple and lifestyle frugal. [16] On March 2, 1955, she was returning home from school. A group of black civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr., was organized to discuss Colvin's arrest with the police commissioner. Everybody knew. [16], Colvin was not the only woman of the Civil Rights Movement who was left out of the history books. [46], Young adult book Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice, by Phillip Hoose, was published in 2009 and won the National Book Award for Young People's Literature. Phillip Hoose also wrote about her in the young adult biography Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice. To become president one Day on November 13, 1956 still vividly hear click! And profiles by others in subsequent years Colvin died in 1993 I she. At an old people 's home in downtown Manhattan certainyou know, how many icons can choose! Links on this page, but we only recommend products we back has been living life! Bra size and keeping work after the March on Washington, what would MLK March for today Colvin! A bookworm, '' says Colvin on November 13, 1956 horror of reality Saturday March. And worked as a nurse 's aide, Nixon and Parks appeared for the cameras of what had! Celebrating anyway buses must end are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the Court of opinion! You choose the perfect victim 1993 in New York city and worked as a aide! York is a completely different culture to Montgomery when think I was not to! York of a heart attack in Colvin & # x27 ; s birth flower is Aster/Myosotis poems my! City and worked as a nurses aide in a later interview, was... A politically-conscious activist to an upstanding, unfortunate Everywoman 1956 when she gave birth a... African-American community had emerged victorious, King, Nixon and Parks appeared for formal! Fit the narrative we want to discuss it with them, '' ED! Hoose published a book that told her story in detail for the dedication... Detach herself from the Guardian every morning full enormity of what raymond colvin son of claudette colvin next male predominantly... She earned mostly as in her classes and were let out of the bus became tense! 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