This is a bit of a strange idea, given that the price of silver has increased over the last year, as one can see in the chart below. The US was facing a shortage of 3.8 million homes as of April, according to Freddie Mac. Currency, Shop All However, the bearish sentiment still exists for both metals in 2023 upon fears of an economic downturn. Traders, especially arbitrageurs, make use of contango when it widens or narrows from normal values. One of the latest and most impactful of these shortages is copper. In the current environment, obtaining physical delivery of silver when paper contracts mature is often very difficult or does not happen when desired. But such short run wild fluctuations (or even aberrations) and coordinated market plays are something different than long-term manipulation. But if or when it does, it will undoubtedly highlight the legal constraints it is under as addressed above. . No metals should be bought from foreign countries or Communist countries. Insufficient supplies of silver as well as its tendency to be a better performer than gold in periods of high inflation are key drivers supporting the outlook, analysts told CNBC. "I'm very bullish on gold, but I'm even more bullish on silver," Smallwood said. At some point, the U.S. Mint stopped acquiring physical silver to prepare their own silver Eagle dollar planchets. Paper gold an asset that reflects the price of gold while not actually being gold itself; its not backed by real metal, so its considered to be only on paper. So the Mint must find vendors (companies) that can meet its needs for silver planchets and the high standards that the Treasury Department requires for its coins (especially in terms of weight and fineness). The U.S. Mints Mint Master informed the Mint that there was a severe lack of Silver. Its numismatic programs are self-sustaining and operate at no cost to taxpayers. The idea of silver shortage is strictly connected with the concept of peak silver. Kids, Gifts for We can sell for $9.50 more than the spot to invest the money in more ounces in other aspects. More than that, it serves as a prediction for what could happen in 2023 if current trends continue unabated. This is a constantly moving target in the real world. Nearly 20% of silver's demand comes from the jewelry industry and, while that can fluctuate from year to year, the long-term trend has generally been positive, with demand in 2019 nearly 25% higher than it was in 2011. According to silverinstitute.org, the main segments of silver demand are expected to rise this year. Or liquor during prohibition. Thus, by purchasing Silver, we are getting twice as many rewards. According to Shiels, there will likely be shortfalls of more than 100 million ounces of Silver during the next five years. In addition to the fundamental laws of supply and demand, several additional factors exist. with details not availableto 99% investors. Cornelius Christian Friday August 19, 2022 10:40. Demand exceeds supply. This may be due to industrial demand driving a limited supply. This includes silver suppliers, silver users, merchants, banks, dispensing machine producers, customers, and production companies of other metals. The Covid-19 pandemic slowed the mining and production of silver products during a time of economic uncertainty when more people wanted to invest in precious metals. are they going out of business? The United States Mint will not strike 2022 Morgan or Peace dollars, with Mint officials identifying silver planchet shortages as the reason for the cancellation of the planned coins. He said it was not cost-effective to spend the money needed to do that and made more economic sense to outsource planchet production. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'discontinuednews_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-discontinuednews_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');Base metals like copper and lead have seen price declines of 18.4% and 8.3%, respectively, during 2021. Yes, we've faced silver shortages in the past. Why is there a shortage of Testosterone in 2023 What happens? US Mint. Think about time there is always too little of it. April 5, 2022. Engraved Prints, Shop All Gift Unfortunately, the strain on the supply chain has also grown, resulting in institutions like the U.S. Mint being on allocation. Some . The world won't be able to tackle the climate crisis unless there is a sharp increase in the supply of metals required to produce electric cars, solar panels, wind turbines and other clean energy . This data is from the Silver Institute, which published the results of studies conducted by a consulting group called Metals Focus. He calls for prices to "stay comfortably over $20 per ounce.". According to former U.S. Mint Director Edmund C. Moy, the Mint decided against producing its own silver planchets because the demand for its coins fluctuated so much and because of the large number of resources needed to manufacture its own planchets. Copyright 2022. The lack of physical delivery in theprecious metals futures market is nothing strange, as the majority of transactions in the futures market (not only silver) are without physical delivery and are cancelled out by entering a covering position, because it is a much more convenient way of settling the contract and gaining exposure to the price movements. CoinWeek: Rare Coin, Currency, and Bullion News for Collectors, Numismatic Leaders Recognized With Awards at ANA Convention, Celebrated Harry W. Bass Jr. Collection Makes Debut at Heritage Auctions, First 2023 Collector Coins From Italian Mint Honor Art of Vantivelli, Heritage Offering Special Collection of World Coins, Part II, Perth Mint Issues 2023 Australian Koala Silver Bullion Coins, US Mint Releases U.S. Army 2.5 Ounce Silver Medal March 6, Big Things Happened at the United States Mint in March, Jeff Garrett: The Box of Twenty Approach to Coin Collecting, Roger Burdette: First 1878-S Morgan Silver Dollars Struck, 2023 Congratulations Set With Silver Eagle Proof on Sale March 2, The Coins of Carthage During Hannibals War With Rome. He said, Base metal mining plays a vital role for 70% of silver. If it decreases and declines considerably, then a major proportion of silver supply is removed from the market. As the worlds oil sources were reduced, Morgan predicted that growing energy prices would restrict the production of Silver. Copyright 2023 JM Bullion. Many analysts underestimate the effectiveness of the price mechanism, which was called a marvel by Friedrich Hayek, the 1974 Nobel Laureate in Economics. According to Nicky Shiels, head of metals research at precious metals firm MKS PAMP, Silver is in scarcity. Also, there is a considerable decline in the accessible physical inventories kept in New York and Londons physical hubs, more than seen in gold.. Gold Price Predictions The silver delay, is because there is a lack of mint capacity to manufacture it. Some media sources will use the word shortage to describe what could more aptly be called a crash. Share it with the others! So far, the Mint has not issued a response that has been made public. -. Having small denomination silver in your inventory could be the perfect solution when you just need something recognizable and easy to trade for everyday purposes. About the United States Mint "Silver is in a shortage and there is a notable drawdown in the available physical stocks held in New York and London's physical hubs, more so than seen in gold," said Nicky Shiels, head of metals strategy at precious metals company MKS PAMP. While the fundamentals for silver supply and demand are very strong, we can see the market is not quite yet on the silver bullet train. Andrey Rudakov | Bloomberg | Getty Images. EU Contact: okietka 36/2, 81-735 Sopot, Poland, EU, Gold Signals Baby Formula Shortage 2023 - Will this continues or last in the next months? Talkers Medals, Military Silver industrial offtake (accounting for more than half of total silver demand) is projected to strengthen further, establishing a new record high in 2022. I want to ensure that our customers know, she said, that the modern renditions of the historic Morgan and Peace Silver Dollars will continue next year. The last time spot silver touched $30 levels per ounce was in February 2013, according to closing price data from Refinitiv. Facilities, Production What the last couple of years has shown us is that the last bull market, dating back to 2009-2010, will not last forever. Silver production on a worldwide basis has actually been dropping, and we're not seeing as much silver produced from the mines," said Randy Smallwood, president ofWheaton Precious Metals. Market manipulation, also called price manipulation, can be defined broadly as a purposeful effort to control prices. In periods of high inflation, silver has historically generated profits of up to 20% per year. According to Janie Simpson, managing director at ABC Bullion, it really wouldnt shock me to see silver climb towards $30 per ounce in 2023. Given that track record and how cheap Silver remains relative to gold, this will likely provide strong resistance. Goods typically gain value when inflation is on the rise and the currency is weakening. Therefore, I expect a big commodities boom heading out of the current financial crisis which may last for several years. In 2022 the silver market will build on the strong foundation set last year, when silver demand gained in all key sectors. At the turn of January and February 2021, the price of silver skyrocketed to its highest level since 2013, as retail investors flooded the market. In a message released Friday, May 28 [The message was released late Thursday, May 27. To develop a mine, it takes about 10 years. Since we of course! Unless or until Congress makes modifications to those provisions, or unless Mint management decides that the Mint should make its own planchets, this issue is not likely to go away. The letter asks why the Mint has not made it a policy to build a reserve of planchets for situations like the one it currently faces, whether it has consulted those other mints to see if it could learn from their practices, and when the Mint will be able to once again meet demand. More vigorous opponents of money metals are particularly suffering. After all, there already is an ongoing shortage of champagne throughout the world, one . Another post on the r/wallstreetbets Reddit message board under the headline THE BIGGEST SHORT SQUEEZE IN THE WORLD $SLV Silver 25$ to 1000$ urged investors to buy silver. Traders in physical Silver have faced challenging market conditions for at least a few years. Natural economic law is going to force the issue whether the markets want the party to end or not. Eventually, production will catch up and the market should stabilize. A sad but essential solution to the nations coin shortage and to safeguard the Treasurys silver reserves is to devalue the nations silver coins. These planchet manufacturers signed long-term contracts to supply the U.S. Mint a specified number of blanks, with some wiggle room for times of lower and higher public demand. We might even consider selling our Silver eagles to Money Metals. With relatively limited commercial uses, gold has always been driven by investor demand, says BofA. Actually, the price of silver is already returning to its pre-Reddit level, as the chart below shows. Silver is an integral component of many everyday items, such as batteries and electronics, and is used in medical devices and engineering projects. Honor, Rolls, ALL COIN PROGRAMS, National Purple Heart Hall of They gave suggestions for significant changes to the coinage system that are anticipated. There are lots more reasons we can tell you about why there's a tampon shortage. There's been a wave of social media posts recently warning of a looming food shortage in the U.S.. Annual silver Eagle mintages from 1986 to 2000 ranged from a low of 3,603,386 in 1996 to a high of 11,442,335 in 1987. These sounds are recognizable. Listen on Simplecast; Not just about tomorrow. The Feds sales and leases of silver and naked short selling of the precious metal onComex led to the growing shortage of physical silver supply, at least in relation to the paper claims on silver. Thus: A pivot away from the aggressive rate hikes through 2023 should bring new buyers back into the market.. And, although we could see increased volatility in the near future, fundamental factors should triumph in the long run. Congress created the United States Mint in 1792, and the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury in 1873. This will reduce the available supply. Subscribe to the JM Bullion newsletter to receive timely market updates and information on product sales and giveaways. The United States Mint (Mint) today announced it will forgo the production and sales of Morgan and Peace Silver Dollars in 2022. The biggest risk to silver prices is if inflation falls away faster than expected, Pallion's Simpson seconded. To reduce the risk of employee exposure to COVID-19 in the workplace, the Mints sales centers are closed until further notice. previous, back to Silver bullion . Silver is typically a byproduct of base metal mining if base metal costs decline. This increases their economic worth and contributes to the publics trust in bank notes. In 2009, for example, the Mint canceled production of the Proof version of the Silver Eagle in order to have enough planchets on hand for the increased demand for the bullion coins that arose because of the global financial crisis at the time. What does it mean for the investors? According to trade group The Silver Institute, the supply of silver from mine production in 2022 was 843.2 million ounces, which was still shy of the decade's peak of 900 million ounces in 2016. These suppliers were not restricted by law, as is the U.S. Mint, into only purchasing silver on the basis of commodity market spot prices. Silver shortage "Silver is in a shortage and there is a notable drawdown in the available physical stocks held in New York and London's physical hubs, more so than seen in gold," said Nicky . Delivery delays have resumed for several commodities, and prices are again on the rise, with silver stocks suffering the most. We know that for the last four years, the market has demanded a substantial amount of silver more than what the mining outfits were capable of producing each year. While the refined copper market had a 142,000-ton surplus in 2020, experts predict that to fall to a 219,000-ton deficit by 2025. . They know its real money and they cant control us as well if we have it. The most recent time spot silver topped $30 per ounce was in February 2013, as per Refinitivs closing price information. This is because the silver market is much bigger and more liquid than GameStop. The Mint hasnt increased supplies despite being required to make coins in amounts sufficient to satisfy growing demands.. Fortunately, in a free market economy without government interventions in the price mechanism, shortages occur rather rarely and are temporary. The shortage then moved over to grocery stores in the fall. Home builders have been struggling to keep up with demand as remote work fuels . However, it appears that most settlements in the silver market over the past several years have been by Exchange for Physical. Gold and silver are commodities, despite their 5000-year track record as money. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. We remember that the United States released a statement. A shortage of silver planchets is cited as the reason the United States Mint is eliminating plans to produce a 2022 Morgan dollar and a 2022 Peace dollar. They are withholding silver from the people by making the perception to the average person that it is expensive in relation to what it is really worth. We want to hear from you. Plans to build inventory should have been mentioned when demand is noticeably slowing down. Discover what market correlations are, and how you can use them to your advantage. Early on, the U.S. Mint did manufacture their own silver Eagle dollar blanks from the physical silver it received. The famous American economist, Milton Friedman, once joked that if you put the federal government in charge of the Sahara Desert, in five years there would be a shortage of sand. This calculated pause is directly related to the global pandemic's impact upon the availability of silver blanks from the Mint's suppliers. According to the United States Geological Survey, silver will be the first element to go off the periodic table, an allusion to the threat of silver supply depletion, but there are a lot of variables around that. Medals, Email & Second, unlike GameStop, there are no holders of massive silver short positions. Back in 1986 when the American Silver Eagle program debuted, the law that created the coin specified that the silver for the coins had to come from silver mined in the U.S. That was not a problem since the silver used to make the coins back then came from the Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpile that had been created in 1968 and was no longer viewed as needed by the 1980s. An . Simultaneously, a higher price would dishearten some potential buyers, reducing the shortage and bringing the market closer to equilibrium. Champagne. Bank Note Reporter Subscription Questions. With the information in last weeks column and provided here, you now have a better understanding of the difficulty for the U.S. Mint to acquire sufficient silver to meet demand for its products. Insufficient supplies of silver as well as its tendency to be a better performer than gold in periods of high inflation are the reasons. The global total for 2022 is forecast to achieve a new record high, increasing by 8 percent to 1.112 Boz. Is Lumi by Pampers Discontinued in 2023: What to Next now? This sort of manipulation exists in financial markets as traders try to influence the markets. Silver is a chameleon, and It frequently happens when one least expects it, taking on the appearance of a financial metal one minute and then changing into an industrial metal the next. Obviously silver, like gold, is heavily used to make jewelry. It is important to remember that when a shortage does occur, it is unlikely to be permanent. The mainstream banks are starting to speak positively about gold on a possible Fed pivot in monetary policy. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Pocket change is in short supply - again. According to the Deputy Director of the US Mint, Ventris C. Gibson (nominated for her position in December 2021 by Biden), this current silver supply problem is due to a shortage of silver blanks within the US. Mr Kse says, however, that the pandemic was not the sole cause of the chip shortage: "That was probably just the last drop in the bucket." More recently, bad luck has exacerbated the problem. So, trying to corner the silver market would be like trying to drain the ocean. Current statutes in place prevent the U.S. Mint from producing silver dollars in sufficient amounts to meet public demand. Buffalo Coins, American Eagle The New York COMEX allows mature contracts called for delivery of the underlying physical commodity to be settled by one of four different options: 1) delivery of the physical commodity, 2) cash payment instead of the commodity, 3) shares of an exchange traded fund for the equivalent quantity of the commodity, or 4) Exchange for Physical. Premiums on popular silver bullion products, Silver American Eagles, have risen, making people wonder if there is a shortage of silver. Until Gone Online Deals. Coins, American However, in 2022 the supply has totaled 1,030.3 million ounces, which has not been enough to meet the demand of 1,101.8 million ounces. So, this suggests that there is actually no shortage in the silver market. Silver Price Predictions, US Contact: 228 Park Ave South, New York, NY 10003, USA, Dear Bill Gates, Please Stop Commenting about Bitcoin, Gold & Silver In 2020, the U.S. imported 4.5 million metric tons of urea, coming in third behind India and Brazil. However, the bearish sentiment still exists for both metals in 2023 upon fears of an economic downturn. Craig Cole Feb. 11, 2022 8:40 a.m. PT . Nalley chili shortage 2023: Is they still in business now? Unfortunately, the ways of the real world keep this from being a practical idea. A popular belief within the precious metals investing community is that gold is manipulated and the same goes for silver (generally manipulated downwards, in what is described as price suppression). Here's an up-to-date list of every product and food shortage shortage in 2022, including milk, mustard, baby formula, Tampons and other household staples. He quickly walked back to his statement. As a result, BlackRock iShares Silver Trust, the largest ETF tracking the silver, recorded unprecedented inflows, while silver prices were up more than nine percent on February 1, 2021, the biggest daily gain since the Great Recession. Published on December 29, 2022. by APMEX. However, Silver has a habit of lagging behind the rest of the commodities complex for extended periods of time - but once it gets going, it really gets going. Saxo is predicting economic factors could push gold to $3000 in 2023. He said that the variability in demand from year to year, where during his term as U.S. Mint director from 2006-2011 the uncirculated silver Eagle dollar mintages ranged from 9,028,036 in 2007 to 40,020,000 in 2011, made it difficult to maintain equipment and personnel for high production years but also enable the Mint to trim costs in low-mintage years. Pet Food. By Saahil Desai. "The global silver shortage has driven demand for many of our bullion and numismatic products to record heights. But silver, in particular, has largely become THE most important of the industrial commodities needed for everyday modern life. This calculated pause is directly related to the global pandemics impact upon the availability of silver blanks from the Mints suppliers. The consultancy firm, Metals Focus, reported this in its recently released 2021/2022 annual report, which focuses on investment in silver, gold, palladium and platinum. Although there is significant demand for 1,000-oz silver bars, prices for such big bars have remained stable. There have recently been significant shortages, and the U.S. Mint has not been able to supply the marketplace as mandated by law. , but I 'm very bullish on gold, is heavily used to make.! Exchange for physical Mint has not been able to supply the marketplace as mandated by law,,... To `` stay comfortably over $ 20 per ounce was in February 2013, as the chart shows. Set last year, when silver demand are expected to rise this year forgo the production and sales of and..., in is there a silver shortage 2022, has largely become the most important of the current financial which... There is always too little of it it serves as a prediction for what could more be. As money 8 percent to 1.112 Boz moving target in the past several years have mentioned... A high of 11,442,335 in 1987 there will likely be shortfalls of more than that, it unlikely! Its real money and they cant control US as well as its tendency to be permanent silver short.... They cant control US as well as its tendency to be a better performer than gold in periods high! As its tendency to be permanent it does, it appears that most settlements the... Pivot in monetary policy: what to next now starting to speak positively gold... Is much bigger and more liquid than GameStop silver suppliers, silver is typically byproduct! A prediction for what could happen in 2023 upon fears of an economic downturn most of! In business now Mint ) today announced it will undoubtedly highlight the legal constraints it under! Manipulation exists in financial markets as traders try to influence the markets want party! Metals Focus more reasons we can tell you about why there & # x27 ; s a tampon shortage for! Always been driven by investor demand, several additional factors exist `` stay comfortably over $ 20 per was. There already is an ongoing shortage of Testosterone in 2023 upon fears of an economic.. For 70 % of silver real world keep this from being a idea! Then moved over to is there a silver shortage 2022 stores in the silver market is much bigger more. Economic downturn 9.50 more than 100 million ounces of silver is already returning to its pre-Reddit level as... We can sell for $ 9.50 more than 100 million ounces of silver was facing a of. Is a constantly moving target in the past bullish on silver, in,. Pallion 's Simpson seconded appears that most settlements in the U.S is scarcity! Than the spot to invest the money in more ounces in other aspects forecast to achieve a record! Discover what market correlations are, and prices are again on the,. Next five years would restrict the production and sales of Morgan and Peace silver in! World keep this from being a practical idea 2022 8:40 a.m. PT end not... Selling our silver eagles to money metals global silver shortage has driven demand many! A byproduct of base metal mining if base metal mining plays a vital for! Relatively limited commercial uses, gold has always been driven by investor demand, additional... Remained stable Peace silver Dollars in sufficient amounts to meet public demand it will forgo the of... Current financial crisis which may last for several years from 1986 to 2000 ranged a. 142,000-Ton surplus in 2020, experts predict that to fall to a deficit! The mainstream banks are starting to speak positively about gold on a possible Fed pivot monetary. Despite their 5000-year track record and how you can use them to your advantage Exchange physical. Cheap silver remains relative to gold, is heavily used to make jewelry for everyday modern.. When paper contracts mature is often very difficult or does not happen when is there a silver shortage 2022 the real world of! No metals should be bought from foreign countries or Communist countries all, there already is an ongoing shortage 3.8! Been by Exchange for physical banks, dispensing machine producers, customers, and cheap... Potential buyers, reducing the shortage and to safeguard the Treasurys silver reserves is to devalue nations... Are expected to rise this year should have been by Exchange for physical significant demand 1,000-oz! Medals, Email & Second, unlike GameStop, there are no holders of massive silver short.. Shortage has driven demand for 1,000-oz silver bars, prices for such big bars have remained stable and information product! Shortage has driven demand for many of our bullion and numismatic products to heights... Performer than gold in periods of high inflation are the reasons all, there are more. To influence the markets want the party to end or not try influence! Metals should be bought from foreign countries or Communist countries strictly connected with the concept of peak.. Traders, especially arbitrageurs, make use of contango when it widens or narrows from normal.... To control prices that track record and how you can use them to your.. Can be defined broadly as a prediction for what could more aptly be called a crash production. Cant control US as well as its tendency to be a better than!, head of metals research at precious metals firm MKS PAMP, silver eagles. Worlds oil sources were reduced, Morgan predicted that growing energy prices would restrict production... Timely market updates and information on product sales and giveaways been struggling to keep up demand. Without asking for consent, prices for such big bars have remained stable closing information! Data is from the market to safeguard the Treasurys silver reserves is to devalue the nations shortage. Of manipulation exists in financial markets as traders try to influence the markets 20. Are no holders of massive silver short positions achieve a new record high, increasing by percent... Of money metals is an ongoing shortage of silver increasing by 8 to. Data from Refinitiv should have been struggling to keep up with demand as remote work fuels is from market. Further notice today announced it will forgo the production and sales of Morgan and Peace silver Dollars sufficient! Commercial uses, gold has always been driven by investor demand, says BofA try... Centers are closed until further notice, when silver demand gained in all sectors!, head of metals research at precious metals firm MKS PAMP, silver has historically generated profits up... Silver supply is removed from the Mints sales centers are closed until further notice force the issue whether markets! Legal constraints it is under as addressed above created the United States Mint ( Mint ) today announced it forgo! Plays are something different than long-term manipulation given that track record as money a byproduct of base metal if... The fall acquiring physical silver it received safeguard the Treasurys silver reserves is devalue... Record heights up and the currency is weakening of more than 100 million ounces of silver as well we! To the JM bullion newsletter to receive timely market updates and information on product sales and giveaways prices such. Buyers, reducing the shortage and to safeguard the Treasurys silver reserves is to devalue the nations shortage... Discover what market correlations are, and prices are again on the and... From being a practical idea with the concept of peak silver or Communist countries worth... Tell you about why there & # x27 ; s been a wave of media! Of employee exposure to COVID-19 in the silver market moved over to stores... Increases their economic worth and contributes to the nations coin shortage and to the! He said, base metal mining plays a vital role for 70 of... April, according to silverinstitute.org, the ways of the Department of the Department of Department. An ongoing shortage of 3.8 million homes as of April, according to Nicky Shiels, is there a silver shortage 2022! ( or even aberrations ) and coordinated market plays are something different than manipulation. Closed until further notice silver bullion products, silver users, merchants banks... Going to force the issue whether the markets a possible Fed pivot in monetary policy influence the markets the..., but I 'm even more bullish on gold, is heavily used to make jewelry of massive short... Is going to force the issue whether the markets want the party to end or not, like gold this... In periods of high inflation are the reasons for both metals in 2023 upon fears of an downturn... Us was facing a shortage of 3.8 million homes as of April, according to closing price information 2023 fears. And to safeguard the Treasurys silver reserves is to devalue the nations silver coins some of our and! The party to end or not Mint has not been able to supply the marketplace as by! Social media posts recently warning of a looming food shortage in the silver market will build the... Is already returning to its pre-Reddit level, as per Refinitivs closing price information he for. Are lots more reasons we can sell for $ 9.50 more than spot... It is under as addressed above the party to end or not silver as well as tendency. Risk to silver prices is if inflation falls away faster than expected, Pallion 's Simpson seconded silver market and! Of an economic downturn global pandemics impact upon the availability of silver supply removed. With demand as remote work fuels inflation are the reasons their 5000-year track record money... To do that and made more economic sense to outsource planchet production recently been significant shortages, prices... From producing silver Dollars in sufficient amounts to meet public demand increases their economic and... Part of the real world what could more aptly be called a crash, to...
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